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History, Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities of Laboratory Monkey Industry in China SUN Qiang Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (4): 343-356.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.112 Abstract （1161）   HTML （737）    PDF （1167KB）（2378）       Knowledge map    Save Laboratory animals play a crucial role in foundational scientific research and clinical medicine. Non-human primates (NHP), particularly Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis, have long been highly valued due to their close resemblance to humans. After more than half a century of development, China's NHP laboratory animal industry has gradually transitioned from its early stage of rapid and unregulated growth to a mature stage of standardization and refinement. However, there has been a dramatic surge in global biopharmaceutical research in recent years, leading to a sharp increase in demand for NHP laboratory animals. This surge, coupled with the lack of long-term strategic planning among breeding enterprises, has resulted in severe aging of breeding populations and a significant decline in reproductive capabilities, further widening the supply gap. Under the dual pressures of rising demand and declining supply, the prices of NHP laboratory animals have surged. Although the cyclical downturn in the biopharmaceutical industry in recent years has lowered the demand for NHP laboratory animals to some extent, leading to significant price drops, the prices remain high. At the same time, against the backdrop of high prices, issues such as the accelerating aging of breeding populations, the lower standards for microbial quality control, insufficient genetic quality control, and blind investment in facility construction have emerged within the NHP laboratory animal industry. This report provides a comprehensive review of the history and current status of China's NHP laboratory animal industry, with a focus on laboratory monkeys. It explores the factors shaping the current industry landscape and identifies potential challenges and opportunities facing the industry. It aims to offer insights and references for the future development of China's NHP laboratory animal industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Establishing and Evaluation of Acne Animal Models Rui ZHANG, Meiyu LÜ, Jianjun ZHANG, Jinlian LIU, Yan CHEN, Zhiqiang HUANG, Yao LIU, Lanhua ZHOU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 398-405.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.021 Abstract （1036）   HTML （50）    PDF （808KB）（2424）       Knowledge map    Save According to understanding of the pathogenesis of acne, scholars have established animal models of acne inflammation, animal models of grafting human skin acne, and natural acne animal models. The acne inflammation model is mainly induced by bacterial infection, chemical drug application, and foreign matter injection. Natural acne animal models include animals that some are sensitivity to hormones and some have clinical symptoms of acne. It is necessary to select appropriate model animals and replicate model methods for the development of acne intervention products with different degrees and mechanisms. At present, there are only human evaluation standards of acne health functions in China, but no animal evaluation standards, which has affected the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of acne as well as the research and development progress of acne products. This article summarizes the conditions for the occurrence of acne, the characteristics of human skin, the bidirectional effect of Cutibacterium acnes on human skin, acne animal models, and commonly used observation and evaluation indicators, providing the reference for studying the pathogenesis of acne, promoting acne treatment and health care, and developing treatment products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Common Types and Construction Elements of Diabetic Mouse Models Xue WANG, Yonghe HU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 415-421.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.031 Abstract （1018）   HTML （58）    PDF （740KB）（1486）       Knowledge map    Save Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by absolute or relative lack of insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia, and its high mobidity and complications have a great impact on the lives of patients. Animal models are widely used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes and its complications. Different types of diabetes, with different pathogenesis and pathognomonic features, have different treatment options. In animal experimental, in addition to considering the genetic factors and physiological characteristics of the animal (such as sex and age), it is also necessary to consider the experimental protocol and various response options, which have a great impact on the experimental data, the reproducibility and stability of the experimental results. Therefore, it is necessary to select suitable animal models for experiments in the study of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, and existing mouse models of type 1 diabetes include chemically (STZ-induced) induced and spontaneous diabetes model (NOD mice), etc. Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, is established in both obese and non-obese animal models, including diet-induced (high-fat diet induced), spontaneous diabetes (including monogenic and polygenic obese mice) models, and genetically modified mouse models. In this review, we discussed the common types of diabetic mouse models and analyzed the elements of their construction, the key factors that should be considered in the selection of diabetic mouse models, and explore the impact of these factors on the research of diabetes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Literature Analysis of the Preparation Elements of Animal Models of Skin Photoaging and the Data of Subjects Yasheng DENG, Jiang LIN, Chiling GAN, Guanfeng ZENG, Jiayin HUANG, Huifang DENG, Yingxian MA, Siyin HAN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 406-414.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.026 Abstract （983）   HTML （24）    PDF （805KB）（1104）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the modeling elements and subjects of the animal model of skin photoaging, and to provide a reference for the preparation and improvement of the model and a basis for the scientific evaluation of the subject. Methods By searching and collecting relevant literature on the preparation of animal models of skin photoaging from 2010 to 2022 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and PubMed database, the model animal species, gender, modeling method, modeling cycle, radiation source and its distance from the modeling site, cumulative radiation volume, detection indicators, and subjects (drugs or treatments) recorded in the literature were collated and summarized, and a database was established for statistical analysis. Results 257 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Among them, the most common animal model was SKH-1 hairless mice, followed by SD rats and KM mice; the gender of animals was mainly female, medium-wave ultraviolet B (UVB) was often used as the radiation source, the distance between the radiation source and the modelling site was mostly 30 cm, and the modelling period was usually 40-60 days. The cumulative dose of long-wave ultraviolet A (UVA) was between 100-150 J/cm2, and the cumulative dose of UVB was between 5-10 J/cm2. The tests used after model establishment were skin histopathological examination, skin tissue homogenization, fibre staining, immunoblotting, etc. Subjects included Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal extracts, Chinese patent medicines, Chinese herbal compound medicines, chemical drugs, biological agents and other treatments, while the animal model of skin photoaging was also used for clinical efficacy studies of external Chinese medicine, physiotherapy and positive control drugs. Conclusion In skin photoaging animal experiments, female SKH-1 hairless mice are often used, and UVB is used as the radiation source. The modeling period is usually 40-60 days, and the minimum erythema dose (MED) is incremented week by week. The cumulative UVB irradiation dose ranges from 0 to 10 J/cm2, which has the advantages of high success rate, good reproducibility and high similarity with clinical disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Revision of Standards for Microbiological and Parasitological Grades in Laboratory Animals and Its Comparison to Foreign Standards Lianxiang GUO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 339-346.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.088 Abstract （954）   HTML （100）    PDF （859KB）（3137）       Knowledge map    Save The national standard, GB 14922-2022 on "Laboratory Animal Microbiological and Parasitical standards and monitoring " was implemented on July 1st, 2023. This article is compiled according to the speech of the 16th East China Laboratory Annual meeting, explores and critically analyzes the developments made to the revised standard and examines how this framework compares with quality control programs of other established international institutions. The key aspects of establishing quality monitoring programs for animal-associated microorganisms in laboratory animal facilities are briefly discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three Dimensions of Animal Experiment Ethics: Analysis Based on Value of Life, Animal Welfare, and Risk Prevention ZHAO Yong Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (4): 445-454.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.108 Abstract （832）   HTML （60）    PDF （1033KB）（2484）       Knowledge map    Save Ethical review of animal experiments is based on factors such as the necessity of the experiment, its scientific validity, the professional competence of the experimenters, and research conditions, to determine the ethical permissibility of an animal experiment. Attitudes towards laboratory animals and animal experiments vary significantly due to differences in cultural traditions, religious beliefs, personality traits, and roles within the experimentation process. How animal experiment ethics can advance in tandem with the advancements of life sciences, while consistently providing forward-looking guidance and safeguarding fundamental ethics, is a subject that requires continuous exploration, practice, and research. Ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals has now become a widely accepted ethical consensus. However, attitudes and principles towards different types of animal experiments, and the methods to genuinely and effectively ensure the welfare quality of animals during live animal experiments, should be central to animal experiment ethics. Based on the deep integration of biotechnology in the field of laboratory animals, this paper considers the contribution of animal experimentation to the development of scientific ethical concepts. It systematically elucidates the special value of life in laboratory animals and their relationship with biosafety and ecological safety. It also outlines welfare quality assessment methods for different species of laboratory animals, demonstrating that the philosophical ideology of the value of life is the core of animal experiment ethics. The quality and significance of animal experiments determine the ethical level at which the value of life in laboratory animals is realized, and animal welfare technologies provide a robust ethical guarantee for animal experiments. The close integration of ethical theories with life sciences in laboratory animals is an objective requirement for animal experiment ethics. The value of life, animal welfare, and risk prevention collectively form the core elements of ethical review in animal experiments, serving as fundamental factors in improving the quality of ethical reviews and avoiding ethical deviations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and Challenges in the Research of Integration Methods of Animal Experimental Evidence ZHENG Qingyong, LI Tengfei, XU Jianguo, ZHOU Yongjia, MA Zhichao, WANG Na, LI Molan, YANG Wenjing, WU Peirun, WANG Haidong, TIAN Jinhui Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (5): 567-576.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.079 Abstract （806）   HTML （26）    PDF （1365KB）（952）       Knowledge map    Save Integrating evidence from animal experiments is a critical component of biomedical research, providing essential prior information for in-depth investigations of disease mechanisms and new drug development. Animal models have played an irreplaceable role in simulating human diseases. However, the integration of evidence from animal experiments has faced numerous challenges, including insufficient emphasis, significant heterogeneity in study designs, high publication bias, and discrepancies with clinical research practices. This paper first identifies existing issues in the original research evidence from animal experiments, such as the selection and applicability of animal models, considerations in the design of experimental studies, and factors influencing the translation of animal experimental evidence. It then discusses various methods for integrating this evidence, including systematic review and meta-analysis, overview of systematic review/umbrella review, scoping review, and evidence mapping, while highlighting recent advancements in their application. Finally, the paper addresses the main challenges currently encountered in the integration of evidence from animal experiments and proposes targeted improvement strategies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of translating research outcomes into clinical practice and promoting the advancement of evidence-based medicine. By continuously optimizing original experimental research protocols and evidence integration practices, this work aims to establish a more efficient and scientific environment for the synthesis of evidence from animal experiments, ultimately contributing to clinical trials and human health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and Evaluation of a Moderate-to-Severe Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rats Induced by Surgery SUN Xiaorong, SU Dan, GUI Wenjuan, CHEN Yue Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 597-604.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.066 Abstract （801）   HTML （232）    PDF （1789KB）（530）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish a rat model of moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis, laying the foundation for studying the pathogenesis of moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis and its prevention and treatment methods. Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: a sham surgery group, an 8-week model group, and a 20-week model group, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the 8-week and 20-week model groups underwent surgery to cut the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and medial collateral ligament of the right knee joint, and remove the medial and lateral menisci. After surgery, the rats were allowed to move freely. The rats in the sham surgery group had only skin incisions to expose the joint without any surgical treatment. At 8 and 20 weeks post-surgery, Micro-CT scans were performed to analyze the femoral osteoporosis in the rats. After euthanizing the rats, gross observations of the knee joints were made, and the cartilage of the joint surface was scored using the Pelletier scoring system. The knee joints were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and safranin O-fast green staining to observe changes in cartilage morphology. The modified Mankin's scoring system was used to assess the tissue pathology of the joint surface. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), reflecting the anabolic and catabolic metabolism of the knee joint cartilage. Results The knee joint cartilage in the 8-week and 20-week model groups was severely damaged, with Pelletier and modified Mankin's scores significantly higher than those in the sham surgery group (both P<0.01). The Pelletier and modified Mankin's scores in the 20-week model group were significantly higher than those in the 8-week model group (P<0.01). Micro-CT observations revealed irregular joint surfaces, osteophyte formation, and signs of osteoporosis in both the 8-week and 20-week model groups, with the 20-week model group showing more loose bodies around the knee joints. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased expression of MMP13 and decreased expression of type II collagen in the knee joint tissues of the model groups, indicating that the balance of anabolic and catabolic metabolism in the joint cartilage was disrupted. MMP13 increased while type II collagen decreased. Conclusion The surgical method of cutting the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and medial collateral ligament and removing the medial and lateral menisci successfully creates a moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis model in rats. Imaging examinations reveal osteophytes, osteoporosis, and loose bodies in the knee joints, while pathological observations show a reduction or even disappearance of joint cartilage, with a disruption in the balance of cartilage anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guidelines for the Selection of Animal Models and Preclinical Drug Trials for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2024 Edition) Committee of Experts on Medical Animal Experiments, Chinese Research Hospital Association Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 3-30.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.001 Abstract （776）   HTML （249）    PDF （1252KB）（2163）       Knowledge map    Save Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), the most prevalent and lethal subtype of stroke, is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhage in the brain parenchyma. Presently, there are no effective methods for preventing and treating sICH. The existing sICH animal models can be broadly categorized into three classes: (1) induced intracerebral hemorrhage models, including autologous blood injection model, collagenase injection model, microballoon inflation model, and hyperglycemia-induced sICH hematoma expansion model; (2) spontaneous hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage models mainly include stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRsp) and stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRsp); (3) gene-modified models encompassing transgenic hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, transgenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy, arteriovenous malformation-related, cerebral cavernous malformation-related and collagen-related genetically modified animal models for sICH. These models contribute not only to unraveling the pathogenesis of sICH and exploring preventive or therapeutic interventions, but also serve as invaluable tools for conducting preclinical drug trials to advance novel treatments. This guide comprehensively reviews sICH pathogenesis, delineates the superiority and inferiority of different species of modeling animals, explains the modeling principles and techniques for various sICH animal models, elucidates the technical details of animal model production, summarizes the pathophysiological mechanism simulated by the models and their clinical relevance, outlines the neurobehavioral evaluation methodologies for sICH animal models, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various models, and suggests their applicable research areas. Additionally, it underscores critical considerations in the design of preclinical drug trials for sICH. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of PCR Identification Method for Pig Blood Type Jiaoxiang WANG, Yan WANG, Ke HU, Kaixiang XU, Taiyun WEI, Deling JIAO, Heng ZHAO, Hongye ZHAO, HongJiang WEI Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (6): 585-594.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.065 Abstract （773）   HTML （454）    PDF （2710KB）（806）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Xenotransplantation is an effective way to address the shortage of human organ donors, but it faces serious immune rejection reactions, including hyperacute rejection caused by blood type differences. Establishing a stable, convenient, and reliable method for pig blood type identification can quickly screen suitable donor pigs for xenograft research. Methods Banna miniature inbred pigs, Diannan small eared pigs, and Bama Xiang pigs were selected as the research objects. DNA was extracted from the blood, oral buccal mucosa, and fetal fibroblasts of the three strains of pigs using DNA extraction kits. The target fragment of the ABO homologous gene EAA intron 7 in pigs was amplified using PCR method. Blood agglutination reaction was used to detect hemolysis in pig anterior vena cava whole blood after adding anti A and B antibodies. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression level of A antigen in pig heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues. Immunofluorescence method was used to detect the expression level of A antigen in pig oral mucosa. By comparing the results of different methods for determining pig blood types, the stability and reliability of the PCR method were verified, and a convenient PCR based pig blood type identification method was established. Results Firstly, the blood PCR results of 69 inbred strains of Banna miniature pigs, 7 Diannan small eared pigs, and 34 Bama Xiang pigs showed 20 AO blood types, 66 AA blood types, and 24 O blood types. The PCR results of fetal fibroblasts from 47 Diannan small eared pigs showed that all 47 fetuses were O blood type. Among them, the oral mucosal PCR results of 8 gene edited cloned pigs were consistent with those of donor fetal fibroblasts, all of which were O blood type. The oral mucosal PCR results of 8 wild-type pigs (2 inbred lines of Banna miniature pigs, 4 Diannan small eared pigs, and 2 Bama Xiang pigs) were consistent with the blood PCR identification results. Then, 11 inbred lines of Banna miniature pigs, 4 Diannan small eared pigs, and 2 Bama Xiang pigs were randomly selected for blood agglutination reaction validation, and the results were consistent with the PCR identification results of both blood samples and oral mucosa samples. Moreover, immuno-histochemical analysis was performed on the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen tissues of one Banna miniature pig inbred line and two Bama Xiang pigs, and the results were consistent with blood PCR identification and blood agglutination reaction results. Finally, oral mucosal samples were collected from 2 inbred strains of Banna miniature pigs and 1 Bama Xiang pig for immunofluorescence detection, and the results were consistent with the blood PCR identification results. Conclusion By collecting fetal cells and oral mucosal samples from live pigs for PCR detection, the blood type of pigs can be accurately and efficiently identified, providing a convenient method for blood type screening of xenograft donor pigs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Characteristics and Research Progress of Feline Coronavirus TAO Lingyun Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 661-666.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.069 Abstract （750）   HTML （25）    PDF （734KB）（474）       Knowledge map    Save Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is classified into two biotypes: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). FIPV and FECV might evolve and mutate via genetic recombination and mutation, leading to novel subtypes and variants. This study examined the genomic structure and biological subtyping of FCoV, analyzed the infection characteristics of FIPV and FECV, and investigated the mechanisms of FECV transforming into FIPV. The findings revealed that while their genome structures were fundamentally similar, differences in their ability to efficiently infect monocytes/macrophages significantly influenced their pathogenicity and transmission characteristics, with FIPV exhibiting higher virulence. Moreover, the analysis of the open reading frames (ORF)3/7 as well as the N/S sequences of FIPV indicated that its non-structural proteins were associated with modulation of the host immune system. These proteins enabled immune evasion, leading to more severe disease. The genomic variability of FCoV constitutes an important foundation for studying the pathogenicity and epidemiology of FIPV and FECV, and offers references for virus detection and drug development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Statistical Analysis of the Leakage Situation in the Automated Watering System for Mice in Tsinghua University Laboratory Animal Resources Center Qianqian TANG, Xiuli ZHANG, Zai CHANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 85-91.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.132 Abstract （748）   HTML （69）    PDF （1306KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To calculate the leakage rate of the automated watering system in Tsinghua University Laboratory Animal Resources Center, to evaluate the safety of the system, and provide references for selection, maintenance, and management of automated watering systems in animal facilities. Methods This study investigated the automated watering system installed in South and North Barriers of Tsinghua University Laboratory Animal Resources Center (Phase II). Water leakage monitoring was conducted over two periods, one over a period of 3 years and the other over 1.5 years. The occurrence of water leakage events at the two barriers during the monitoring period was statistically analyzed, classifying the causes into four categories: mishandling by personnel, animal behavior, obstruction by foreign objects, and deformation of fittings. The total daily leakage rate due to these causes and the daily leakage rate caused by quality issues, i.e. obstruction by foreign objects and deformation of fittings were calculated. Further analysis and discussion focused on the causes of water leakage and its impact on the facilities. At the same time, the number of caretakers at the end of the monitoring period in the Phase I facility without automated watering system and the Phase II facility with automated watering system were counted. Finally the difference in the number of cages per capita under the two watering systems was calculated. Results A total of 52 water leakage incidents occurred in both areas during the monitoring period, with a total daily leakage rate of 0.000 13%. Among them, 31 were caused by personnel mishandling, accounting for approximately 60% of total leakages. Enhanced training, supervision, inspection, and effective reminder measures could reduce leakage caused by personnel mishandling. There were 2 cases of water leakages caused by animal behavior, 0 leakage due to obstruction by foreign objects, and 19 leakages due to system quality issues, with a daily leakage rate of 0.000 07%. According to the operation data of Tsinghua University Laboratory Animal Resources Center, the average number of cages managed per person in facilities equipped with the automated watering system was 908, compared to 570 cages in facilities without the automated watering system. This represents an approximate 59% increase in the number of cages managed per person with the adoption of the automated watering system. Conclusion The daily leakage rate of the automated watering system in the Tsinghua University Laboratory Animal Resources Center is significantly lower than the theoretical design rate of 0.003%, which demonstrates the system's safety and effectiveness. Additionally, the adoption of an automated watering system can signi?cantly enhance caretaking ef?ciency. While initial investments in the system are required, the subsequent increase in ef?ciency leads to a continuous decrease in labor costs, thereby reducing the total operational expenses of the facility. In the context of modernizing animal facility construction, automated watering systems are becoming an essential consideration in facility design and operation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fine Structure of the Trunk Kidney and Distribution of Its Secreted Exosomes in the Adult Zebrafish Jinxing LIN, Xindong WANG, Xuebing BAI, Liping FENG, Shuwu XIE, Qiusheng CHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 531-540.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070 Abstract （726）   HTML （136）    PDF （3115KB）（3601）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To observe the fine structure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish, and to identify its secreted exosomes. Methods The microstructure and ultrastructure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy, and the particle size of exosomes was detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Results The trunk kidney was close and parallel to the spine in adult zebrafish. The nephron consisted of renal tubules and renal corpuscles. The renal tubules could be further divided into three types: proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and cervical segments. The renal corpuscles were composed of glomerulus and renal capsules. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining results revealed that there were abundant glycogen granules in the proximal convoluted tubules, with brush-like outline in the apical surface of epithelial cells. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), there were exosomes distributed in the lumen of renal tubules, with numerous late endosomes and few number of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells concentrating on the apical side. Meanwhile, MVBs were also distributed in the apical regions of the renal tubules and the podocytes of the renal glomeruli. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that CD9, CD63 and TSG101 were strongly expressed in the lumen surface of the renal tubules, but weakly expressed in the corpuscles and lumen. NTA and TEM results showed that the exosomes isolated from zebrafish trunk kidney were saucer-like outline, and the particle size mode was 144.4 nm, which was consistent with the characteristics of morphological futures of exosome. Conclusion The zebrafish somatic kidney has the typical structure of the mammalian kidney and is the urinary organ in the body. The renal tubules have the ability to secrete exosomes, and their formation is a process of releasing poly-vesicles to the free surface of epithelial cells into the extracellular space. This study laid a morphological foundation for further study of exosomes in urinary function in aquatic experimental animals as well as the development and application of related models. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Non-Puerperal Mastitis YIN Yulian, MA Lina, TU Siyuan, CHEN Ling, YE Meina, CHEN Hongfeng Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 587-596.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.065 Abstract （707）   HTML （248）    PDF （1898KB）（732）       Knowledge map    Save Objective This study aims to establish a non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) rat model by simulating hyperprolactinemia and immune-inflammatory states, and to evaluate its local inflammatory characteristics in the mammary gland, thereby laying the foundation for research on the diagnosis and treatment of this clinically challenging disease. Methods Twelve SPF-grade Wistar female rats were evenly divided into a control group and a model group. During the experiment, the control group received no experimental treatment or medication. The model group received daily subcutaneous injections of 100 mg/kg metoclopramide hydrochloride for 7 consecutive days. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were measured using ELISA on the 10th, 20th, and 30th days after the first injection. After 7 days of injections, 200 μL of lactating SD rat milk was mixed with 200 μL of complete Freund's adjuvant to prepare an oil-in-water emulsion, which was administered by multiple subcutaneous injections into the back of the Wistar rats for the initial immunization. Seven days after the initial immunization, the emulsion was injected subcutaneously into the third, fourth, and fifth mammary glands for the final immunization. After the final immunization, the rats were observed for 28 days for changes in mammary gland appearance, and the size of mammary nodules was calculated. On the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to analyze mammary tissue morphology. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect CD138 expression levels. ELISA was used to measure the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mammary tissue to comprehensively assess the model. Results Rats in the model group exhibited mammary skin ulceration and foul odor at the ulcer sites. Palpation and ultrasound revealed the formation of mammary nodules. HE staining showed that on the 3rd day after the final immunization, normal ductal and lobular structures in the mammary glands disappeared, with significant infiltration of plasma cells. On the 7th day, ductal dilation, epithelial necrosis and detachment, and pronounced periductal plasma cell and lymphocyte (predominantly T-lymphocytes) infiltration were observed. On the 14th day, there was a proliferation of fibrofatty tissue, small blood vessels, and granulation tissue, with scattered plasma cells in the interstitium. By the 28th day, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation were reduced, with granuloma formation. Serum PRL levels in the model group were significantly increased on the 10th day (P<0.05) and the 20th day (P<0.001). IL-6 and TNF-α levels in mammary tissue were higher in the model group compared to the control group on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days (P<0.05). IL-1β levels were higher on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days compared with the control group (P<0.01) but lower than the control group on the 28th day (P>0.05). iNOS levels were significantly higher on the 7th day after the final immunization (P<0.001). Conclusion A successful NPM model was established in rats, which exhibited typical pathological features such as local mammary masses, abscesses, ulcers, ductal dilation and plasma cell infiltration. This model can serve as a foundation for further research into the diagnosis and treatment of this clinically challenging disease. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation Methods and Evaluation Criteria Analysis of Animal Models for Perimenopausal Syndrome Tianwei LIANG, Yasheng DENG, Hui HUANG, Na RONG, Xin LIU, Yujie WANG, Jiang LIN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 74-84.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.062 Abstract （671）   HTML （41）    PDF （841KB）（1000）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To comprehensively analyze the reported preparation methods for animal models of perimenopausal syndrome (PS), to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation elements and detection indexes, so as to provide useful references for the optimization of the relevant animal models as well as the standardization of their application in the efficacy evaluation of new drugs. Methods In this paper, literature research methods were applied using "perimenopausal syndrome" as the subject term. The publication period of the literature was limited to January 2016 to February 2023. Relevant literature on the preparation of PS animal models was retrieved from databases such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and PubMed. After screening the experimental literature that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, detailed information on experimental animal strains, modeling methods, duration of drug administration, positive drugs, detection indexes and other relevant information were collected. After the above information was standardized, the PS animal model database was established using Excel 2010 software. The model preparation elements and evaluation indexes were summarized systematically, and the statistical results were processed and analyzed using Excel 2010 software. Results A total of 247 articles were screened. SD rats (164 times, 65.86%) and Wistar rats (35 times, 14.06%) were often used to prepare PS animal models. Bilateral ovariectomy (139 times, 53.87%) and natural aging (43 times, 16.80%) were chosen as modeling methods. The ages of rats used for modeling ranged from 7 weeks to 18 months, with 3-month-old rats (22 times, 21.78%) being the most common. The detection indexes were comprehensively evaluated from multiple perspectives, including serum biochemistry, vaginal exfoliated cell smear, histomorphology, general observation, behavioral observation, and organ tissue protein immunoblotting. Western medical evaluation indexes were commonly used to test the successful preparation of models, with vaginal exfoliated cell smears being the most frequently used method (125 times, 85.04%). A model was considered successfully prepared when estrous cycle disorder or irregularity was observed. Some literature also determined modeling success by detecting a significant decrease in serum estradiol levels (5 times, 3.04%). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome evaluation often used a combination of Chinese and Western medical evaluation indexes for comprehensive evaluation, with researchers determining the TCM syndrome through vaginal exfoliated cell smears supplemented by general observation (3 times, 2.04%). Conclusion There are many methods for preparing PS animal models, but there are still significant differences in the selection of animal species, age, criteria for successful modeling, and TCM syndrome evaluation in the related literature. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Animal Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Their Application in Drug Research Jiahui YU, Qian GONG, Lenan ZHUANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 381-397.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.048 Abstract （647）   HTML （52）    PDF （1028KB）（2644）       Knowledge map    Save Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a clinical syndrome characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling causing increased vascular resistance, which will lead to right heart failure and even death if left untreated. The pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension has not yet been clarified, and clinical treatments have not been effective in improving prognosis or reducing mortality. To investigate the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension and to develop and evaluate more effective and safer drug treatments, establishing related animal disease models is very important. This paper outlines the pathological characteristics of pulmonary arterial hypertension and summarizes the various types of animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as describes the progress of the application of these models in three therapeutic pathways and related drug research in the past five years, with a view to providing a reference for the selection of animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension and research applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Animal Models of Sepsis-Related Organ Injury YANG Jiahao, DING Chunlei, QIAN Fenghua, SUN Qi, JIANG Xusheng, CHEN Wen, SHEN Mengwen Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 636-644.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.087 Abstract （642）   HTML （27）    PDF （794KB）（731）       Knowledge map    Save Sepsis is a multi-organ dysfunction syndrome caused by infection and immune dysfunction, with a high mortality rate. It affects multiple important organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Establishing corresponding animal models of organ dysfunction syndrome is an essential step in clarifying its pathogenesis, researching potential effective drugs, and evaluating the effectiveness and safety of treatment plans. This article first summarizes classic modeling methods for sepsis related organ injury, including the destruction of intestinal barrier tissue integrity and the implantation of pathogens or toxic drugs. The former mainly includes cecal ligation and puncture, ascending colon stent implantation, and cecal ligation incision. The latter is divided into intraperitoneal injection, intravenous injection, and intratracheal administration based on the clinical infection route being simulated. Cecal ligation and puncture and lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneal injection are the most commonly used methods. Secondly, this article summarizes the common modeling methods and evaluation methods for animal models of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, and brain dysfunction. It points out that almost all organ injuries use classic modeling methods, and different organ injury models have additional modifications according to their different pathogenesis. For example, in addition to the classic modeling methods, lipopolysaccharide instillation in the trachea is more effective in modeling acute lung injury as it better simulates lung barrier dysfunction. Cecal ligation and puncture followed by Pseudomonas instillation in the trachea in a secondary challenge model better represents sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine is a mature modeling method of sepsis-induced acute liver injury. Intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide is a feasible model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. In addition to the different modeling methods, there are differences in the administration time, dosage and experimental time points according to the different experimental purposes. This article reviews the research progress of animal experimental models for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, and brain dysfunction, aiming to provide a reference for the selection of animal experimental models and optimization of experimental design. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advantages of Ciona intestinalis as a Model Organism and Its Applications Ruiqi LI, Han DUAN, Luo GAN, Yuan ZHENG, Wen YANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (2): 162-179.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.159 Abstract （641）   HTML （41）    PDF （2131KB）（2477）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous development of experimental biology, the limitations of commonly utilized model organisms are becoming increasingly apparent. Discrepancies between research conducted on laboratory animals and humans significantly impede the translational application of findings derived from animal experiments. This review introduces ascidian Ciona intestinalis as a novel model organism, an invertebrate that is evolutionarily closest to vertebrates and is a sister group to vertebrates. The review summarizes recent research progress on Ciona intestinalis in various fields to illustrate the significant advantages and promising application prospects of it as a model organism. The research progress outlined in the review mainly encompasses: (1) The whole-genome sequencing of Ciona intestinalis has been determined and numerous related databases have been established. Various embryonic gene editing technologies have been successfully applied, making it an animal model easy to manipulate genetically and study the functions and interactions of target genes visually. (2) In the field of neurobiology, Ciona intestinalis boasts a central nervous system structure similar to that of vertebrates and possesses numerous homologous neuropeptides and hormone molecules. These features grant it an edge in exploring the mechanisms and functional evolution of endocrine and neuroendocrine-related molecules. Additionally, the sensitivity and habituation of its larvae to light stimulation provide an avenue for exploring mechanisms related to behavioral plasticity. (3) In the field of immunology, Ciona intestinalis possesses a mature innate immune system and has evolved precursor genes to the adaptive immune system, with a relatively simple coding of immune-related genes. These features make it an exemplary model organism for immunological studies. (4) In the field of developmental biology, many studies have focused on the notochord development process in Ciona intestinalis and the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression within it, indicating common evolutionary developmental strategies among chordates. Additionally, insights into its heart development also significantly enhance our comprehension on the genetic network of human heart development. (5) In medical research, the ability of Ciona intestinalis to regenerate its neural complex and siphon, as well as the resilience of its heart to recover contractile function from substantial damage, renders it a valuable animal model for the study of regeneration and heart injury. It also has unique advantages as a research model for Alzheimer's disease and new drug development. Furthermore, its brief five-month lifespan facilitates the observation and recording of the entire aging process and the exploration of the effects of various factors on aging. In summary, this review aims to demonstrate that Ciona intestinalis stands out as a model organism with unique attributes and is expected to play a significant role in a wider range of scientific research areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution and Prospects of Laboratory Animal Management: A Case Study of Shanghai's Development in the Past Decade Yong ZHAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 492-503.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.134 Abstract （631）   HTML （176）    PDF （1101KB）（2224）       Knowledge map    Save There are differences in historical and cultural beliefs, development history, and levels of technological development among different countries and regions around the world. However, they have all established corresponding laboratory animal management systems that are suitable for their national conditions. In 2001, the Ministry of Science and Technology, together with six other ministries, jointly issued the administrative licensing system for experimental animals, which was an innovative measure in China's specialized management system for experimental animals.The State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Standards Committee, based on the welfare of experimental animals and the needs of scientific research, have formulated a series of national standards for laboratory animals, and the local experimental animal management institutions, experimental animal quality testing unit and professional training base have also been established, which provide a strong guarantee for the rapid and healthy development of experimental animal science. This paper reviews the development of experimental animal management in Shanghai in the past ten years, reflects the evolution of national experimental animal management in recent years, points out the weak links in the development process, and puts forward suggestions for the innovation and development of experimental animal work. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Fluorescence qPCR Method for Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus and Its Application in Feces Detection of Rats and Mice Lingzhi YU, Jianyun XIE, Liping FENG, Xiaofeng WEI Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 566-573.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.022 Abstract （617）   HTML （124）    PDF （1461KB）（1701）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish a method for rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods The specific gene nuc of Staphylococcus aureus was selected as the target gene. A pair of specific primers and a TaqMan probe were designed and synthesized according to the published sequence of the nuc gene. Establish a nucleic acid detection method for nuc gene using fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, and apply it clinically in the detection of fecal samples from rats and mice. Results The DNA extracted from Staphylococcus aureus and other non-Staphylococcus aureus strains was detected by qPCR. The results showed that Staphylococcus aureus had a specific amplification curve, while other non-Staphylococcus aureus did not, indicating that the designed primers and probes were specific for Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity of this method was determined by diluting the DNA of Staphylococcus aureus by 10 times. The results showed that the detection limit of this method was 10 fg DNA, which was 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of ordinary PCR method. A total of 91 clinical samples were detected in this study, of which 4 rat samples from the same facility had a typical S-curve. The PCR products were sequenced and BLAST compared. The gene sequence of this sample was 100% similar to that of Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that the sample was positive for the nucleic acid of Staphylococcus aureusnuc gene, with a positive rate of 4.40%. The result was consistent with that obtained by bacterial culture method. The nucleic acid extraction adopted a full-automatic nucleic acid purification instrument, and the time required from nucleic acid extraction to detection result determination was less than 1.5 h. Conclusion The qPCR method established in this study to identify Staphylococcus aureus with nuc gene as the target gene has the advantages of fast, high sensitivity and specificity, and can be used for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in feces of rats and mice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the Application of Animal Disease Models in the Medical Research on Colorectal Cancer Yanjuan CHEN, Ruling SHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 512-523.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.076 Abstract （609）   HTML （148）    PDF （1046KB）（4630）       Knowledge map    Save Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world. The latest statistics show that CRC accounts for 10% of all cancer cases worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. CRC is a highly heterogeneous disease, the development of which is driven by functional abnormalities or epigenetic changes caused by multiple gene expression mutations, and there are different pathways that lead to tumor formation. Complex factors such as genetics, environment, ethics, and individual differences of patients themselves limit the study of CRC in humans, so the disease animal models have become an indispensable tool for the study of CRC, and play an important role in prevention, treatment, preclinical research and basic research. There are various types of CRC animal models, of which mouse models are the most widely used. According to different model establishing methods, the models are divided into spontaneous, chemically induced, transplanted tumor and genetic-engineering mouse models. Different models have different characteristics and application prospects. In this study, we focus on these mouse models of CRC in detail, and introduce the latest research progress of CRC models in rats, experimental pigs and zebrafish, to provide reference for the selection and application of animal models of CRC. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Implications on the Development of Animal Disease Models from FDA Modernization Act 2.0 Yinghan WAN, Yexin GU, Yunong YUAN, Min TANG, Li LU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 472-481.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.083 Abstract （608）   HTML （589）    PDF （1127KB）（2465）       Knowledge map    Save Laboratory animals are the foundational conditions and indispensable technical support in life science research and biomedical industry development. The scientific development of animal models of diseases is of great significance to biomedical research and industrial development. In light of the booming development of multiple emerging in vitro modelling technologies over the past decade, in 2022, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed the bill FDA Modernization Act 2.0. This bill rescinded the requirement for animal testing in investigating the safety and effectiveness of a drug—a federal mandate since 1938, and highlighted the potential of various invitro disease modeling approaches in future biomedical fields. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances and applications of in vitro disease modeling approaches in academia and industry followed by an interpretation of the FDA bill, namely cell culture, organoid, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing model and computer-based model. The paper next introduces the crossed applications of various disease models and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system, thereby providing insights into future trends in the use of animal disease models in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microbiological Monitoring Analysis of Laboratory Rats and Mice from Vendors: Department of Laboratory Animal Science of Fudan University as an Example Ying HUANG, Siyu WEI, Li CAI, Sujing QIANG, Dongting LI, Yuqiang DING Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 347-354.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.060 Abstract （580）   HTML （58）    PDF （1153KB）（1576）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Conduct routine microbiological monitoring of laboratory rats and mice from vendors to provide an important basis for the scientific management of laboratory animal facility and ensure the reliability of relevant experimental data obtained from laboratory animals. Methods Taking the Department of Laboratory Animal Science of Fudan University as an example, between April 2021 and April 2023, rats and mice purchased from 7 vendors were sampled for microbiological quality according to the principle of simple random sampling on the arrival days of animal delivery. Then, surveillance tests were conducted to examine the microbiological contaminations according to the national standards of SPF laboratory animals. Results The total qualified rate was 80.36%, with 52.63% in SD rat, 82.76% in inbred mice, 86.67% in outbred mice and 86.36% in immunodeficient mice in details. The most frequent bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsilla pneumoniae and Rodentibacter heylii, and their detection rates were 10.76%, 3.16%, 2.53% and 0.63%, respectively. Serological assays demonstrated the highest prevalence for virus was Sendai virus, and the detection rate was 2.53%. In addition to the pathogens those must be excluded from SPF rodents, Entamoeba muris and Enterobacter spp. were also detected in inbred mice, and Klebsiella oxytoca was detected in immunodeficient mice, with the detection rates of 1.15%, 2.30% and 4.55%, respectively. Conclusion There are certain incidences of pathogen infections in laboratory rats and mice from vendors, and an efficient microbiological monitoring of laboratory animals should be implemented in animal facilities, in order to eliminate pathogen infections in laboratory animals, which is required for improving the accuracy of research results and protecting the occupational health of laboratory animal practitioners as well. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅲ) Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Xiaomeng SHI, Yuzhou ZHANG, Chao LÜ, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Yonggang LIU, Yufeng TAO, Wanyong PANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 446-456.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.039 Abstract （573）   HTML （42）    PDF （1578KB）（5064）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge.Researchers reporting their research process transparently and accurately can help readers evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). The third part of the article includes the items 8-10 of ARRIVE 2.0 Essential 10, which covers "experimental animals" "experimental procedures" and "results". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome Data and Comparative Medical Analysis of COVID-19 Virus Infection Tingting FENG, Yitong LI, Yue WU, Jue WANG, Qi KONG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 62-73.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.079 Abstract （552）   HTML （36）    PDF （1282KB）（761）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To provide more basic information of comparative medicine for the study of biological changes and pathogenesis of COVID-19 by systematical sorting and analyzing the transcriptome data. Methods Following a retrieval strategy, using COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 as key words, transcriptome datasets related to COVID-19 from January 2020 to May 2023 were collected from GEO, ArrayExpress and GEN Transcriptome databases. The composition, distribution, and research application of COVID-19 transcriptome data resources were analyzed. Data distribution was visually displayed and correlation analysis was performed. The research applications and limitations of existing COVID-19 transcriptome data were analyzed from the perspectives of clinical medicine and comparative medicine, focusing on clinical-related molecular mechanisms, biomarkers and related immune responses, treatment intervention strategies, etc. The research value and application prospects were discussed. Results A total of 975 sets of COVID-19 transcriptome data were included. Among three databases, datasets from humans accounted for the highest proportion, namely 71.9%, 77.9%, and 90%, respectively. Species other than humans, such as mice, were the main sources of data, with the respiratory and nervous systems having the highest distribution of data. Twenty-seven datasets were associated with clinical significance. Analysis revealed that respiratory tract injury and other related molecular mechanisms were obtained through transcriptome data mining. Biomarkers such as cfDNA could be used as therapeutic targets. The severity of COVID-19 infection was associated with cell changes and disorders represented by M1 macrophages. Comparative medical analysis showed that mice, hamsters, and other animals were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Rhesus monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys exhibited infection characteristics highly similar to human. Apart from respiratory symptoms, hamsters also exhibited digestive system symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in the respiratory organs of various susceptible animals, the intestines of ferrets and the ears of minks, resulting in interstitial pneumonia, diffuse lung injury and other pathological changes of varying degrees. Based on the differences in immune responses, hamsters can be used for neutralizing antibody reaction research. Conclusion Currently there is a wealth of COVID-19 transcriptome data, but there is a lack of comparative transcriptome research. Transcriptomics can be combined with comparative medicine to further explore the differences in comparative medicine of COVID-19. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅳ) Xiaying LI, Yonglu TIAN, Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Yusheng WEI, Wanyong PANG, Yufeng TAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (6): 659-668.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.142 Abstract （525）   HTML （58）    PDF （1188KB）（2672）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge.Transparent and accurate reporting of the research process enables readers to evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). The fourth part of the article includes the items 1-5 of ARRIVE 2.0 Recommended 11 section, which covers "Abstract" "Background" "Objectives" "Ethical statement" and "Housing and husbandry". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Development of PM 2.5-Exposed Animal Models and Their Application in Reproductive Toxicity Research TIAN Fang, PAN Bin, SHI Jiayi, XU Yanyi, LI Weihua Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 626-635.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.068 Abstract （525）   HTML （29）    PDF （846KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save Atmospheric fine particulate matter (particulate matter 2.5,PM2.5) is a major component of haze, and its potential hazards to human reproductive health have garnered widespread attention. Establishing appropriate animal models is crucial for in-depth research into the reproductive toxicity of PM2.5 exposure and its underlying mechanisms. This paper, based on recent literature, summarizes current methods for establishing PM2.5-exposed animal models and the evaluation criteria for reproductive toxicity research. The primary modeling methods for PM2.5 exposure include whole-body inhalation exposure and intratracheal instillation exposure. While whole-body inhalation exposure effectively simulates real-life human inhalation environments, it requires sophisticated experimental equipment. Conversely, intratracheal instillation exposure is more cost-effective and easier to operate but faces challenges in accurately mimicking the distribution and deposition of PM2.5 during natural inhalation. Therefore, researchers must carefully weigh these exposure methods to enhance model rigor and achieve the most realistic simulation of human exposure conditions. When summarizing the application evaluation indicators of PM2.5-induced reproductive toxicity, this review finds that the main indicators of male reproductive toxicity include reduced sperm quality, testicular tissue damage, and hormonal imbalances. For female reproductive toxicity, the primary indicators are reduced ovarian reserve, endocrine dysfunction, endometrial damage, and adverse perinatal reactions. Additionally, this review highlights the need for detailed chemical composition analysis of PM2.5, exploring the reproductive toxic targets and mechanisms of particles containing different chemical components, such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Long-term studies are also necessary to assess the effects of PM2.5 exposure on reproductive health and transgenerational effects, to predict potential long-term risks for humans. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration should be encouraged, involving cooperation between environmental science, toxicology, reproductive medicine, and other disciplines, to comprehensively assess the environmental health risks of PM2.5 and provide scientific support for the development of integrated prevention and control strategies. This review summarizes animal modeling methods, evaluation criteria, and their applications, providing valuable methodological references for future reproductive toxicity research on PM2.5. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Dmd Gene Mutant Mice and Phenotype Verification in Muscle and Immune Systems Min LIANG, Yang GUO, Jinjin WANG, Mengyan ZHU, Jun CHI, Yanjuan CHEN, Chengji WANG, Zhilan YU, Ruling SHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 42-51.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.089 Abstract （523）   HTML （47）    PDF （1936KB）（1012）       Knowledge map    Save Objective The aim is to utilize CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to construct Dmd gene mutant mice with a point mutation in exon 23 of the Dmd gene. Subsequently, the phenotypic changes of the mice in muscles and immune systems are analyzed and verified, providing an evaluation model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other related diseases. Methods Based on the sequence characteristics of exon 23 of the Dmd gene, small guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed and synthesized. Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA fragments, and oligo donor DNA were microinjected into fertilized eggs of C57BL/6J mice. After transferring the fertilized eggs to surrogate mice, F0 generation mice were born. After mating with F0 generation mice, offspring mice were obtained, and Dmd gene positive mutant (DmdMu/+) mice were obtained after genotype identification. Male hemizygous DmdMu/+(DmdMu/Y) mice were selected for phenotype validation. The body weight of live 3- and 9-month-old mice were recorded. Muscle tension was evaluated through the grid test. Hearts and semitendinosus muscles were collected, and the histopathological changes were observed using HE staining. Further, the expression of Dmd protein in muscle tissue of 9-month-old mice was analyzed by Western blotting. An acute inflammation model was established in DmdMu/Y mice using lipopolysaccharide induction. Peripheral blood from the submandibular vein was collected, and the changes in the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes were detected by flow cytometry. Results The results of genome sequencing and Western blotting confirmed the successful construction of Dmd gene point mutant mice (DmdMu/+ mice). Dmd protein expression was not detected in skeletal muscle and myocardium of DmdMu/+ mice, and it was significantly reduced compared to wild-type C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05). Compared with wild-type mice of the same background, DmdMu/Y mice at 3 and 9 months of age showed significant weight loss (P<0.01) and decreased muscle tension (P<0.05). 9-month-old DmdMu/Y mice exhibited significant pathological changes in skeletal muscle and myocardium, including widening of intermuscular space. Under normal condition, compared with wild-type mice, the proportion of neutrophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood of 3-month-old DmdMu/Y mice was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice (P<0.01). After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the proportion of neutrophils in peripheral blood of 3-month-old DmdMu/Y mice remained significantly lower compared to that of wild-type mice (P<0.01). The proportion of neutrophils in peripheral blood of 9-month-old DmdMu/Y mice significantly decreased after lipopolysaccharide induction (P<0.01), with a trend of change observed in monocytes between groups. Conclusion The successful construction of the Dmd gene mutant mouse model has confirmed the vital function of Dmd gene in maintaining normal muscle tissue morphology and muscle tone. It preliminarily indicated that Dmd gene deletion could significantly reduce the proportion of neutrophils in peripheral blood, offering a new perspective for the study of immune system alterations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress Report on Microtus fortis as a New Resource of Laboratory Animal Jianyun XIE Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 482-491.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.114 Abstract （513）   HTML （138）    PDF （1243KB）（1373）       Knowledge map    Save Microtus fortis (reed vole) is the only mammal known to have natural resistance to Schistosomiasis japonica. Originating from schistosomiasis endemic and non-endemic areas, as well as laboratory bred voles have the same resistance to Schistosoma japonicum. After more than 30 years of laboratory cultivation of wild reed vole, a series of progress have been made in laboratory animalization. A detailed study was conducted on biological traits including growth and development, reproductive physiology, serum biochemistry, hematological indicators and tissue anatomy. At the same time, the anti-schistosomiasis characteristics and anti-schistosomiasis mechanisms of Microtus fortis were studied. The closed Dongtinghu population of Microtus fortis (S: DTMF) cultivated by Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center was recognized as a Chinese laboratory animal resource by the Experimental Animal Resources and Evaluation Working Committee of the Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences in 2021. This review focuses on summarizing the research progress in the biological characteristics, standardization research, genome and anti-schistosomiasis mechanism of reed vole in the past decade, especially in the implementation of the key project in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Establishment and Evaluation of Common Asthma Animal Models LUO Shixiong, ZHANG Sai, CHEN Hui Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2025, 45 (2): 167-175.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.120 Abstract （508）   HTML （32）    PDF （846KB）（1114）       Knowledge map    Save Bronchial asthma (hereinafter referred to as asthma) is a common chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Its pathogenesis is highly complex and heterogeneous, involving multiple factors such as genetics, immunity, and environmental exposure. Currently, therapeutic options for asthma remain relatively limited, making it an urgent priority to explore its underlying mechanisms, identify effective treatment strategies, and develop new drugs. In this context, the establishment of animal models for asthma plays an irreplaceable and crucial role. However, to date, no single ideal animal model has been able to fully and accurately replicate all the features of the onset and progression of human asthma. This study systematically reviews the research progress over the past five years in the establishment methods of asthma animal models. It provides a detailed overview of commonly used experimental animals (such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs), frequently used sensitizing agents (including ovalbumin, house dust mite, lipopolysaccharide, and toluene diisocyanate), and the methods for establishing asthma models using these animals and sensitizers. This study also presents an objective evaluation of the advantages, limitations, and applicability of each model. Evaluation criteria for asthma models are summarized across multiple dimensions, including behavioral assessments, pulmonary function, histopathology, immunological indicators, and pharmacodynamics. Although methods for establishing refractory asthma models remain underdeveloped, several strategies for modeling refractory asthma have been summarized through a review of relevant literature, aiming to provide useful references for related research. Based on current scientific and technological advancements, it is anticipated that future research on asthma animal models will focus more on clinical relevance, technological innovation, and multidisciplinary integration. Specifically, future models are expected to adopt multi-sensitizer induction protocols, apply cutting-edge tools such as gene editing, enhance clinical relevance and promote diversification and personalization of models. Furthermore, advanced technologies such as bioimaging and biosensing are anticipated to enable dynamic monitoring of airway inflammation and remodeling. Organ-on-a-chip platforms may also be explored as potential alternatives to traditional animal models. The ultimate goal is to develop multifactorial, composite models that better simulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human asthma. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and Evaluation of End-to-side Anastomosis Model of Autologous Arteriovenous Fistula in Mice Xin LIU, Shaobo SHI, Cui ZHANG, Bo YANG, Chuan QU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (6): 595-603.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.093 Abstract （504）   HTML （527）    PDF （1787KB）（1566）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish an animal model of autologous arteriovenous fistula in mice and evaluate its effect. Methods The left external jugular vein and common carotid artery of 10 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were separated by end-to-side anastomosis of external jugular vein and common carotid artery after anesthesia, and the right jugular vein was exposed without suture as a control, so as to establish an animal model of internal arteriovenous fistula. Doppler ultrasound, HE and Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to observe the hemodynamics, intimal hyperplasia and protein expression of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the outflow vein of the internal arteriovenous fistula and the contralateral control vein, and to evaluate the effect of model construction. Results A total of 10 mice were selected for this study, and 9 mice were successfully modeled, with a success rate of 90%. Ultrasound examinations were performed on the day of surgery, 7 and 14 days after surgery, respectively. The results showed that the flow velocity near the anastomosis was linearly correlated with the diameter of the tube. The higher the flow velocity, the larger the diameter of the tube. There was a positive correlation between peak velocity and lumen diameter (P=0.000 6, R2=0.831 7). After surgery 14 days, HE staining results showed that after autologous arteriovenous fistula molding, the average lumen area of outflow segment vein was significantly decreased (P < 0.000 1), the intima area was significantly increased (P < 0.000 1), the intimal area was significantly increased (P < 0.000 1). On the surgical side of arteriovenous fistula, collagen deposition was significantly increased, and the proportion of Masson-positive regions was significantly increased (P < 0.000 1). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the proportion of collagen 1 positive areas on the surgical side of arteriovenous fistula was significantly upregulated (P < 0.000 1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) , proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells increased significantly (P < 0.000 1), indicating an increase in local cell proliferation level. Conclusion The established mouse autologous arteriovenous fistula model has the advantages of high success rate, good stability and low cost. The model provides a good carrier for exploring the biological mechanism of intimal hyperplasia in arteriovenous fistulas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Allograft Endometriosis Rat Model in Pharmaco-dynamic Evaluation of GnRH Agonists Ruihua ZHONG, Guoting LI, Wenjie YANG, Xiangjie GUO, Jieyun ZHOU, Yingyi HU, Qicheng NI, Ye YANG, Min ZHANG, Yan ZHU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (2): 127-138.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.150 Abstract （501）   HTML （62）    PDF （2085KB）（848）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish an allogeneic rat model of endometriosis and to evaluate the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist GenSci006 on experimental rat endometriosis. Methods Endometrium from SPF grade donor female SD rats were transplanted onto the abdominal wall of recipient female rats to construct an allogeneic endometriosis model. The rats undergoing sham surgery were divided into the sham group. Three weeks later, the length, width and height of the ectopic endometrium were measured, and the volume of the endometrium (V1) was calculated before drug administration. The modeling rats were randomly divided into four groups: model group, triptorelin group (0.25 mg/kg), GenSci006-1 group (0.125 mg/kg) and GenSci006-2 group (0.25 mg/kg). Each group had 16 rats and received a single dose of the corresponding drug. The sham group and model group were administered an equal volume of solvent. Three weeks after administration, ectopic endometrium was measured to calculate the volume V2 and inhibition rate. The effect of GenSci006 on rat uterus and ovarian tissues was assessed by comparing organ coefficients and changes in pathological sections. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) mRNA in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Western blot was used to detect the expression of estradiol receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ) and progesterone receptor (PR) in ectopic endometrium. Results Three weeks after administration, compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in the triptorelin and GenSci006-2 groups significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the volume of ectopic endometrium significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the model group showed no significant changes in uterine and ovarian organ coefficients or endometrial thickness (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, the uterine organ coefficients and endometrial thickness were significantly reduced in the triptorelin and GenSci006-2 groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the serum levels of E2, P4, FSH and LH in the model group showed no significant changes (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, the ovarian organ coefficient and serum P4 levels of rats in the Triptorelin, GenSci006-1, and GenSci006-2 groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while the serum LH levels of rats in the GenSci006-1 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in serum E2 and FSH levels in each group (P > 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression levels of GnRHR mRNA in the pituitary tissue of rats in the triptorelin and GenSci006-2 groups were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05), with no significantly changes in the hypothalamus (P > 0.05). There were no significant changes in the expression level of GnRHR mRNA in the hypothalamus or the protein levels of ERα, ERβ and PR in the ectopic endometrial tissue in any group (P > 0.05). Conclusion The allogeneic endometriosis rat model is a suitable animal model for screening and evaluating drugs for treating endometriosis. The volume of ectopic endometrium, inhibition rate, uterine and ovarian organ coefficients, and serum E2 levels may serve as indicators for detecting drug efficacy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Challenges and Development in Suzhou Laboratory Animal Industry Over the Past Five Decades ZHAO Lijuan, XIAO Chunlan, SHENG Yajie, LU Xi, ZHOU Zhengyu Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (6): 645-653.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.113 Abstract （487）   HTML （54）    PDF （1401KB）（991）       Knowledge map    Save Since the 1970s, the laboratory animal industry in Suzhou has gone through five stages: its inception, emergence, growth, transformation, and scaling up. It began with the manufacturing of caging equipment for laboratory animals, initially by imitation and later through independent innovation. The industry evolved from sporadic factories to clustered enterprises, gradually growing and opening up the export market for caging equipment. In the 21st century, with industrial upgrading and transformation, purification systems and related products began to develop, and industry organizations emerged. As China has modernized, the rise of automation and intelligent production has led to technological innovation in enterprises and the emergence of various outsourcing services in the laboratory animal industry, driving the large-scale development of the industrial chain. After nearly half a century of growth, the laboratory animal industry in Suzhou has formed a complete industrial chain, including the production of laboratory animals, caging equipment, feed and bedding materials, design and construction of laboratory animal facilities, quality testing of laboratory animals and environments, and animal experimentation services. Laboratory animal breeding equipment, the core of the industry, has reached the level of developed countries, and the industry's scale and influence are unmatched in China. Since the 21st century, biopharmaceuticals have become the "No.1 industry" in the development of Suzhou. With government support, the guidance of the local economy, and the assistance from universities and research institutes, the animal experiment outsourcing industry has begun to cluster in Suzhou. The continuous influx of CROs has driven the construction of large-scale laboratory animal facilities, and key research projects have been initiated, significantly enhancing the industry's R&D capabilities. The Suzhou laboratory animal industry has quickly expanded alongside the "No. 1 industry," creating a unique "Suzhou Path" for laboratory animals. Over nearly fifty years, the laboratory animal industry in Suzhou has been essential to the rapid development of the biopharmaceutical industry in Suzhou and China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of Laboratory Animal Science Teaching Practice from Perspectives of Curriculum Ideology and Politics ZHAO Ya, ZHANG Caiqin, MENG Han, QIN Jing, BAI Bing, ZHAO Yong, GE Xu, SHI Changhong Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (6): 641-646.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.109 Abstract （485）   HTML （139）    PDF （803KB）（1568）       Knowledge map    Save The ideological and political content of the laboratory animal science degree course with the basic task of "cultivating morality and cultivating people" is organically integrated into the teaching system of laboratory animal science. It can have a subtle influence on students' thoughts and behaviors. Combined with the curriculum design and professional characteristics of laboratory animal science, this article discussed the ideological and political elements contained in this course, proposed the forms and methods of integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum design in each chapter. Additionally, the typical cases and characteristic practices of the organic connection of ideological and political education in the teaching system of laboratory animal science were summarized. Practice has proved that integrating the ideological and political elements into the teaching system of laboratory animal science can enhance teacher's awareness and ability of politics, thus effectively improving the compre-hensive quality of students and enhancing the effectiveness of ideological and political education in laboratory animal science. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ginkgolide B Promotes Neural Function Recovery of Ischemic Stroke Mice by Regulating Characteristics of Brain T Cells and Their Interactions with Glial Cells Jia LIU, Yanrong YE, Yun SHEN, Qiying TANG, Meiqing CHEN, Kehui YI, Shaozhuang CHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (2): 139-148.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.121 Abstract （483）   HTML （50）    PDF （1754KB）（566）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of Ginkgolide B on the biological characteristics of brain T cells and their interactions with glial cells during the recovery phase of ischemic stroke in mice. Methods 36 adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three groups: sham-operated group (Sham group), control group (PBS group), and Ginkgolide B treatment group (GB group). The Sham group underwent only sham surgeries, whereas the PBS and GB groups were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model using the filament method, followed by intranasal administration of an equivalent volume of either PBS or Ginkgolide B solution for 14 days post-injury. Neurological function changes were evaluated in all three groups using the rotarod test and a neurological scoring system. On day 15, single-cell sequencing was performed on fresh tissues from the brain injury areas, surrounding cortex, corpus callosum, and striatum of mice in the PBS and GB group to assess the biological characteristics of T cells and their subpopulations, and further explore the interactions and mechanisms among T cells, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Results Compared with the Sham group, both PBS and GB group exhibited significant improvements in neurological scores and reduced pre-fall motor durations (P < 0.001). Compared with the PBS group, the GB group showed a downward trend in neurological scores and an upward trend in pre-fall motor durations on days 5, 10, and 15 post-ischemic brain injury, with a significant increase in pre-fall motor duration on day 15 (P < 0.05). Compared with the PBS group, the GB group exhibited a significant increase in T cell proliferative activity in the brain 15 days post brain injury (P < 0.05). The number of proliferative T cells and the levels of lipid metabolism were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), and there was a significant increase in extracellular matrix remodeling in all T cells (P < 0.05). Additionally, the interactions between T cells and both microglia and oligodendrocytes, as well as among the microglia themselves and between microglia and oligodendrocytes, were significantly enhanced in the GB group. This was primarily evident in the strengthened interactions between CD74 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), as well as colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) (P < 0.05). However, the inflammatory levels of T cells showed no significant differences compared with the PBS group. Conclusion A mouse model of ischemic stroke can be successfully established by MCAO operation. Ginkgolide B may promote neurological recovery post-brain injury in mice by modulating the biological characteristics of T cells within the brain and their interactions with glial cells. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (V) Zhengwen MA, Xiaying LI, Xiaoyu LIU, Yao LI, Jian WANG, Jin LU, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Xuancheng LU, Yonggang LIU, Wanyong PANG, Yufeng TAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (1): 105-114.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.146 Abstract （478）   HTML （59）    PDF （1051KB）（1220）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting of the research process enables readers to evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist that is applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as enhance the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translation of animal experimental results. The use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and completeness of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is based on the best practices following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, and it interprets, explains, and elaborates in Chinese the fifth part of the comprehensive version of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in PLoS Biology in 2020 (the original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). This section includes the items 6-11 of Recommended 11 section, covering "Animal Care and Monitoring", "Interpretation/Scientific Implications", "Generalisability/Translation", "Protocol Registration", "Data Access" and "Declaration of Interests". Its aim is to promote a comprehensive understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines among domestic researchers, to enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and to promote high-quality development of experimental animal sciences and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Birthing Behaviour of Cynomolgus Macaques Xinyan BIAN, Yong LU, Yan WANG, Qiang SUN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 355-362.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.086 Abstract （473）   HTML （38）    PDF （1036KB）（708）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Observing and analyzing the delivery behaviour of cynomolgus macaques, to establish the criteria for determining the occurrence of delivery in cynomolgus macaques, and then combining with veterinary assistance in order to improve the live birth rate of cynomolgus macaques. Methods By backtracking and analyzing the surveillance videos of 112 perinatal cynomolgus macaques with a gestation period of 140 d or more from 2017 to 2021, we observed and recorded the main behavioural manifestations of the cynomolgus macaques during labour, including Valsalva's maneuver, touching and licking the birth canal, lying on their backs or stomachs, and rolling and tumbling of the body. On this basis, we established the weights of delivery-related behavioural indicators and exhaustively analysed the perinatal behavioural performances of 30 cynomolgus macaques for delivery determination. Results The perinatal behavioural validation results of the 30 cynomolgus macaques showed that the behavioural indicators of Valsalva's maneuver, touching and licking the birth canal, lying on the stomach or on the floor, body rolling and tumbling occurred with different frequencies, among which Valsalva's maneuver and lying on the stomach or on the back were the most important, with weight values of 35.5% and 27.2%, respectively. These two behaviours can be used to accurately determine the onset of parturition in cynomolgus macaques. The average live birth rate of the monkeys that were accurately determined to have given birth and were assisted by veterinarians reached 87.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the monkeys that had unassisted spontaneous deliveries, which was 63.5%, and there was a significant difference between these two rates (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of accurate birth determination and veterinary assisted delivery can significantly increase the live birth rate of experimental cynomolgus macaques. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Comparative Medical Research on Anatomy and Histological Structure of Intervertebral Discs in Humans and Other Animals Li ZHANG, Yu KUANG, Lingxia HAN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (2): 192-201.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.141 Abstract （469）   HTML （44）    PDF （1064KB）（1180）       Knowledge map    Save The 2023 China Health Report on Spine Degeneration noted a significant increase in lumbar surgery among patients under 35 years old in recent years, indicating a trend towards younger onset of cervical and lumbar diseases. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation has become a major concern, making the study of disc degeneration pathogenesis and treatment methods clinically significant. At present, human intervertebral disc diseases are primarily diagnosed through imaging due to the challenges of obtaining tissue samples from the spine. Therefore, experimental animals have emerged as alternative research subjects because they are cost-effective, have short experimental cycles, and are easily accessible. Given the structural and physiological differences between human and other animal intervertebral discs, comparing their anatomy and histological characteristics forms the foundation of research into human disc degeneration. The purpose of this paper is to collect and review relevant studies on anatomical and histological structures of intervertebral discs in different animals and conduct a comparative analysis from four aspects, namely, intervertebral disc height, lumbar disc geometry, lumbar disc cartilaginous endplate characteristics, and extracellular matrix components. The results show that humans, kangaroos, sheep, pigs, and rats exhibit similar relative heights between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. Mice possess lumbar disc geometries most akin to humans. Compared to other animals, humans have the thickest cartilaginous endplates and the lowest cell densities. The collagen within the fibrous annulus differs most notably in pigs compared to humans, while water content in the nucleus pulposus is consistent across pigs, sheep, rabbits, rats, and humans. Additionally, this paper describes the commonalities and discrepancies in disc degeneration manifestations between humans and animals, and summarizes modeling methods for disc degeneration in different experimental animals. Ultimately, the aims of this paper is to provide fundamental data for selecting suitable experimental animal models for the study of intervertebral disc degeneration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Visual Analysis on Animal Model of Sarcopenia Based on VOSviewer Lei XIANG, Jinzhu JING, Zhen LIANG, Guoqiang YAN, Wenfeng GUO, Meng ZHANG, Wei ZHANG, Yajun LIU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 429-439.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.015 Abstract （463）   HTML （16）    PDF （1675KB）（2273）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Analyze the current situation, hotspots and development trends of sarcopenia animal model to provide research direction and basic information for sarcopenia animal model research. Methods English literature of research on animal models of sarcopenia was retrieved from the Web of Science core data (WOS) set from 1900-01-01 to 2022-12-31. Chinese literature related to animal models of sarcopenia was retrieved from CNKI database between 1915 and 2022. The bibliometric analysis software VOSviewer was used to explore the countries, orgonizations, authors, hotspots and frontier directions in these studies. Results A total of 2 819 articles on animal models of sarcopenia were retrieved from WOS core database. The first paper was published in 1995. The United States has the largest number of animal model studies of sarcopenia with 1 105 articles. The institution with the most published articles is the University of Florida in the United States, with 69 articles. The University of Hong Kong has the highest number of publications in China, with 20 articles. American author Van Remmen H, with 50 publications, is the author of the most articles. The journal with the largest number of articles published on animal models of sarcopenia is the American journal called FASEB Journal, with 196 articles. In total, 423 articles on animal models of sarcopenia were retrieved from the CNKI database. Author LI Zhuyi has published 19 articles, and is the author of the most articles in China. The keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis of WOS literature search found that the research focus on animal model of sarcopenia can be summarized as the correlation between sarcopenia and metabolism, cytology and regenerative medicine of sarcopenia animal models, the study of sarcopenia animal models in bone, muscle, nerve and exercise therapy. The retrieval results of CNKI database revealed that the most extensive research was about on the model of denervated sarcopenia, and researches on the effects of Chinese medicine on sarcopenia were also widely reported. Through reading the full articles or abstracts of the literature, the animal models of sacopenia mainly include natural aging model, genetic modification model, high-fat diet induction model, disuse model, hormone induction model and complex sarcopenia models of other diseases. Conclusion In recent years, the study on animal model of sarcopenia has become a hotspot at home and abroad.The bibliometric analysis provides a basis for the research of animal models of sarcopenia in terms of research direction, hotspots, model animal selection, animal model making, and domestic and international communication and cooperation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Generation of 12 Drosophila Transgenic Negative Control Lines Based on Site-specific ΦC31 Integrase and pUASTattB Vector Longmei XU, Ruling SHEN, Chun FAN, Wei WU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 541-547.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.100 Abstract （463）   HTML （131）    PDF （1374KB）（1364）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Construction of a negative control line for the Drosophila transgenic system based on ΦC31 integrase and vector plasmid pUASTattB to provide a more scientific negative control for transgenic Drosophila research experiments. Methods The vector plasmid pUASTattB was microinjected into four different genetic backgrounds Drosophila lines attP-25C6, attP-68A4, attP-75B1 and attP-86F8 embryos carrying ΦC31 integrase. All of the injected embryos were incubuated to get G0 adults, and each of them was crossed with balancer stock ywR13S separately in a single vial (1 adult of the G0 generation and 3 of the ywR13S in each vial). The probability of successful insertion was calculated by observing the colour of the compound eyes of the G1 generation of Drosophila to determine whether there was a mini-White insertion. The G1 generation Drosophila adults successfully inserted into mini-White were then selected to make single-vial crosses (one G1 generation male Drosophila crossed with three virgins of balancer Drosophila line) with each of the three balancer Drosophila strains DB, ywR13S and yw122, respectively, for balanced seed preservation. The genomic DNA of the conserved Drosophila lines was extracted and the vector plasmid pUASTattB was identified for transfer by PCR. Results 12 Drosophila strains were obtained, all of which were red-eyedDrosophila melanogaster carrying the mini-White marker, and were identified by PCR as having the pUASTattB sequence insertion. Conclusion The 12 transgenic Drosophila strains can meet the negative control requirements for the transgenic fly research experiments that constructed with pUASTattB as the vector basically, enriching the Drosophila resources in the National Drosophila Resource Center of China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics