Laboratory animals play a crucial role in foundational scientific research and clinical medicine. Non-human primates (NHP), particularly Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis, have long been highly valued due to their close resemblance to humans. After more than half a century of development, China's NHP laboratory animal industry has gradually transitioned from its early stage of rapid and unregulated growth to a mature stage of standardization and refinement. However, there has been a dramatic surge in global biopharmaceutical research in recent years, leading to a sharp increase in demand for NHP laboratory animals. This surge, coupled with the lack of long-term strategic planning among breeding enterprises, has resulted in severe aging of breeding populations and a significant decline in reproductive capabilities, further widening the supply gap. Under the dual pressures of rising demand and declining supply, the prices of NHP laboratory animals have surged. Although the cyclical downturn in the biopharmaceutical industry in recent years has lowered the demand for NHP laboratory animals to some extent, leading to significant price drops, the prices remain high. At the same time, against the backdrop of high prices, issues such as the accelerating aging of breeding populations, the lower standards for microbial quality control, insufficient genetic quality control, and blind investment in facility construction have emerged within the NHP laboratory animal industry. This report provides a comprehensive review of the history and current status of China's NHP laboratory animal industry, with a focus on laboratory monkeys. It explores the factors shaping the current industry landscape and identifies potential challenges and opportunities facing the industry. It aims to offer insights and references for the future development of China's NHP laboratory animal industry.

Objective This study analyzes the omics data resources in human-infecting coronavirus animal models collected from various public databases, focusing on data distribution, dataset quantity, data types, species, strains, and research content. It aims to enhance our understanding of biological characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of coronaviruses, thereby providing a solid foundation for devising effective therapeutic strategies and preventive measures.Methods Query strategies, including specific virus names, time ranges, and inclusion and exclusion criteria, were defined to retrieve data from major public omics databases such as GEO and ArrayExpress. Secondary filtering was performed based on different field types to obtain a more accurate data list. An omics data text database was established for bibliometric analysis. Co-occurrence networks were constructed for the analysis of the correlation strengths between different research themes, technical methods, and involved species. The cell types, organs, and biological pathways involved in studies were examined to further elucidate the pathogenic interplay between pathogens and hosts. Results About twenty public databases containing coronavirus-related omics data were identified, with a primary focus on novel coronavirus infection. Commonly used species include humans, mice, hamsters, and monkeys, while the commonly used virus strains are Wuhan-Hu-1 and USA-WA1/2020. Lung tissues are primarily used in animal models such as mice, macaques, and ferrets, while airway epithelial cells and Calu-3 cells are predominantly employed in human-related studies. Expression profiling data indicate that gene pathways involved in inflammation, cytokine response, complement pathway, cell damage, proliferation, and differentiation are significantly upregulated after infection. Proteomics studies reveal significant changes in phosphoproteome, ubiquitinome, and total proteome of patient samples at different infection stages. Specific protein categories, including viral receptors and proteases, transcription factors, cytokines, proteins associated with coagulation system, angiogenesis-related proteins, and fibrosis markers, show alterations after coronavirus infection. In addition, metabolomics data suggest that phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, arachidonic acid, and oleic acid could serve as potential metabolic markers. Epigenomics research indicates m6A methylation plays a role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, infection, and transmission, affecting host cell-virus interactions. Among these, N, S, and non-structural proteins 2 and 3 exhibit the most significant ubiquitination. Trends in microbiomics research suggest that microbial communities in the gut and wastewater are emerging as new research focuses. Conclusion The data types of coronavirus omics are diverse, with a wide variety of models and cell types used. The selection of species and technical methods for modelling varies based on the characteristics of different viruses. Multi-omics data from animal models of coronavirus infection can reveal key interactions between hosts and pathogens, identifying biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, and provide valuable information for a deeper understanding of biological characteristics and infection mechanisms of coronaviruses.

Objective By screening and passaging G₀ generation Wistar rats, we obtained hypoxia-sensitive and hypoxia-tolerant G₁ generation rats, and then the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among these rats were preliminarily explored. Methods 200 Wistar rats (half male and half female) were selected as G₀ generation and placed in a controlled oxygen concentration system. The hypoxia tolerance time, which refers to the time from placement to near death, was recorded for the G₀ generation rats at an oxygen volume fraction of 3%. 30 rats (half male and half female) with the shortest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G₁ generation hypoxia-sensitive rats. Similarly, 30 rats (half male and half female) with the longest hypoxia tolerance time were selected for mating and passage to obtain G₁ generation hypoxia-tolerant rats. An additional 24 standard Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a model group, with 12 rats in each group (half male and half female). The control group was kept in a normoxic environment, while the model group, along with the G₁ generation hypoxia-sensitive rats (G₁ sensitive group) and G₁ generation hypoxia-tolerant rats (G₁ tolerant group), were placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber (simulating an altitude of 5 000 m). After 12 hours, various indicators, including blood gas, complete blood count, blood biochemistry, pathological sections, and hypoxia-related genes were detected or observed to compare the differences in hypoxia sensitivity among the 4 groups. Results Compared with the G₀ generation standard rats, the hypoxia tolerance time of G₁ generation rats was significantly prolonged (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the oxygen saturation (SatO₂) in G₁ tolerant group was significantly higher (P<0.05). In the G₁ sensitive group, the levels of white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil (NEUT) count, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet (PLT), and creatinine (Cr) significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while actual bicarbonate (AB) content significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the brain and lung coefficients were significantly elevated (P<0.05). In addition, pathological section results showed that the brain and lung tissues in the model group, G₁ sensitive group, and G₁ tolerant group all suffered from significant damage, with no evident differences in the gene expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in brain tissues among the three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with standard rats, G₁ generation hypoxia-sensitive/tolerant rats exhibit good signs of hypoxia sensitivity/tolerance traits, but further screening and passage are still needed to purify them.

Objective To construct a Type 1 diabetes model in miniature pigs and explore postoperative care strategies for effectively prolonging the survival time of the model pigs. Methods Seven Banna miniature pigs were selected for pancreatectomy. Glucose, vitamins, and antibiotics were administered for 3-5 days after surgery to aid recovery. Blood glucose and urine glucose levels were measured twice a day in the morning and evening to adjust insulin supplementation accordingly. The model pigs were observed daily and records were kept, including orexis, psychosis, weakness, skin ulcer, and feces and urine. Body weight was measured weekly until the death of the model animals. Based on the model pigs' condition, glucose injection and Ringer's lactate solution were administered to supplement nutrition and correct electrolyte imbalances. Results All seven Banna miniature pigs showed typical symptoms of diabetes: random blood glucose levels higher than 11.1 mmol/L after pancreatectomy, far exceeding the average blood glucose level of 6.0 mmol/L in normal pigs; positive urine glucose; and progressive weight loss. These features indicated the successful construction of Type 1 diabetes model. Additionally, Type 1 diabetic pigs that survived more than 8 weeks showed progressive hair loss and skin ulceration. Euthanasia was performed on model pigs when they were unable to stand or even eat independently, and pathological examination and HE staining were conducted on tissues collected from affected organs such as the liver, kidneys, and skin. Pathological sections revealed liver congestion, massive glycogen accumulation, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, and progressive liver fibrosis, along with glomerular congestion, vacuolar degeneration in renal tubular epithelial cells, proteinuria, dermal congestion, thinning of vascular walls, and varying degrees of parakeratosis and dyskeratosis in the liver, kidneys, and skin tissues due to prolonged hyperglycemia. The average survival time of the constructed Banna miniature pig diabetes model was 44 d, with a maximum survival time of 121 d. Conclusion Type 1 diabetes model can be constructed successfully in Banna miniature pigs through pancreatectomy. With meticulous postoperative care, a long-term Type 1 diabetes model with significant complications can be achieved, providing a stable large-animal model for Type 1 diabetes treatment strategies.

Objective To summarize and evaluate the characteristics of current recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) animal models at home and abroad, and to provide reference and guidance for the standardized preparation of RSA models. Methods "Recurrent spontaneous abortion" and "animal model" were used as co-keywords in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed and Web of Science databases to search the RSA animal experimental literature, covering the period up to January 20, 2024, and a total of 1 411 articles were collected. The analysis focused on construction methods and essential elements of RSA animal models, the modeling process and result evaluation, as well as the application of these models in pharmacological and pharmacodynamic research. An Excel table was established for systematic analysis and discussion. Results A total of 138 experimental studies were obtained after screening. In constructing RSA animal models, immunological models were the most widely used in Western medicine (96.92%), with the Clark model being the main one (92.31%). In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) models, 70.00% were kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination models, 20.00% were kidney deficiency and blood stasis models, and 10.00% were deficiency-heat syndrome models. Most animals were selected at 6-8 weeks (33.86%) and 8 weeks (32.28%) of age. The majority of animals were paired for mating at 18:00 on the day of cage pairing. In 81.03% of literatures, vaginal plugs were checked once the following morning, with 8:00 being the most common time (17.02%). The most commonly used drug administration cycle was 14 days of continuous gavage after pregnancy. Among the tested drugs, Western drugs were mainly protein-based (29.17%), while TCM drugs were mainly TCM decoction (81.11%). The most frequently used methods for detecting indicators included visual observation of embryos (22.54%), western blot (15.96%), PCR (13.58%), ELISA (12.91%), HE staining (10.80%) and immunohistochemistry (9.39%). Conclusion The etiology of RSA is complex, and corresponding animal models should be established based on different etiologies. Clark model is commonly used in the construction of Western medicine model, while the kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination model is predominant in TCM. RSA animal model is widely used in related research, but systematic evaluation needs to be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the key elements for model establishment and determine the evaluation indicators of animal models for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), providing a reference for improving modelling methods and optimizing the application of PID animal models. Methods The search query "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease" AND "Animal Model" OR "Rat" OR "Mouse" OR" Guinea Pig" OR "Rabbit" OR "Dog" OR "Pig" was used to retrieve relevant literature on PID animal models published from 2013 to 2023 in China Knowledge Network Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and PubMed databases. The studies were analyzed and categorized based on experimental animal types, modelling methods, modelling cycles, detection indicators, positive control drugs, and administration duration. A database was established for statistical analysis. Results A total of 214 research articles on PID animal models meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. The most commonly used model animals are Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, followed by Wistar rats. The most frequently employed modelling method is a combination of mechanical injury and bacterial infection, followed by the phenol mucilage method. The most common modelling cycles for acute pelvic inflammatory disease (APID) and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (CPID)/sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease (SPID) are 8 to 14 days, while for PID models without specific staging, the cycles are 7 days. High-frequency detection methods and indicators include histopathological observation using hematoxylin-eosin staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum-related indicators, morphological changes of tissues observed with the naked eye, and immunohistochemical detection of related protein expression in uterine tissues, and pathological scoring. The most frequently used positive control drugs are Fuke Qianjin Tablets, followed by Jingangteng Capsules. The most common administration duration for APID is 7 days, and for CPID/SPID models, it ranges from 15 to 21 days. Conclusion Currently, SD rats and Wistar rats are commonly used as experimental animals for PID models. The dual modelling method of mechanical injury combined with mixed bacterial infection aligns closely with clinical pathogenesis and can be used to establish a PID model that simulates postoperative uterine cavity infection. Depending on the research objectives, different positive drugs and detection indicators should be selected for comprehensive evaluation. Most existing PID animal model studies are based on western medical diagnosis, with fewer studies focusing on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes. There is a need to integrate TCM theories of etiology and pathogenesis to construct PID animal models that are more in line with TCM clinical symptoms.

The Mongolian gerbil currently used as laboratory animals worldwide all originates from China. As early as the 1930s, wild Mongolian gerbils were domesticated and introduced into medical research. Today, they have become recognized multifunctional laboratory animals and are extensively used in various fields such as brain nerve studies, parasitology and microbiology, and oncology, etc. Mongolian gerbils possess unique anatomical characteristics in the basal cerebral arteries, such as a congenital absence of the Willis' circle, making it possible to construct cerebral ischemia or cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury models with simple procedures of unilateral common carotid artery ligation, while also enabling intra-individual control. These anatomical features also increase their sensitivity to cerebral ischemia and make them more prone to cochlear ischemia, therefore playing a crucial role in the preparation of auditory impairment models. The disease progression and pathological manifestations in Mongolian gerbils show many similarities to those observed in human patients. Researchers have successfully used Mongolian gerbils to develop models of cerebral ischemia, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, cochlear ischemia, cochlear implantation, and sensorineural hearing loss, achieving significant results. This article focuses on the current methods and assessment indicators for constructing Mongolian gerbils models of cerebral ischemia and auditory impairment. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various modelling techniques, and explores their application progress, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the application of Mongolian gerbils in these two important research areas.

Objective To cultivate and breed laboratory cats in conventional laboratory animal facilities, collect background data on laboratory cats, and compare them with purchased domestic cats to assess the feasibility of breeding laboratory cats. Methods Indigenous cat breeds were introduced for reproduction and population expansion under conventional laboratory environment, with recording of kitten survival rates and growth curves. Indicators of 20 laboratory cats of F1 generation (half male and half female), including complete blood count, blood biochemistry, organ mass, organ coefficient, heart rate, and blood pressure, were detected and comparisons between sexes were made. Blood pressure values and sensitivity to histamine of these cats were measured using depressor substance detection method in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China-Four Parts: 2020, and were compared with the data from 173 concurrently purchased domestic cats. Results Laboratory cats adapted well to the environment of conventional laboratory facilities, with a survival rate of 77.08% of kittens at 8 weeks of age. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit in male laboratory cats were significantly higher than those in females (P<0.01), while the mean corpuscular volume in males was significantly lower than that in females (P<0.01). The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, creatinine, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in male laboratory cats were significantly higher than those in females (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while cholesterol, globulin, total protein, and the albumin-globulin ratio were significantly lower in males (P<0.01). The liver coefficient in male laboratory cats was significantly lower than that in female cats (P<0.05), while the kidney coefficient was significantly higher (P<0.05). The spleen-brain and kidney-brain ratios were significantly higher in males compared to females(P<0.05 or P<0.01). No significant differences were found in heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean blood pressure, or sensitivity to histamine between male and female laboratory cats (P>0.05). Compared to laboratory cats, purchased domestic cats had significantly higher heart rate, systolic pressure, and mean blood pressure (P<0.01), and the magnitude of blood pressure changes induced by medium and high doses of histamine was significantly reduced (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion It is feasible to breed laboratory cats in conventional laboratory animal facilities. The accuracy of experimental results can be improved by using laboratory cats with clear and standardized background data.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of filter membranes made from different materials in monitoring the health status of rodents in barrier environment facilities by investigating their microbial capture performance. Methods Pasteurella pneumotropica (Pp) and Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) were used as representative strains to simulate the process of microbial capture by filter membranes under laboratory conditions. The microbial capture effectiveness of five self-selected filter membranes (M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5) with adsorption and breathability properties and a commercial filter membrane (T1) were comprehensively evaluated based on captured dust mass, minimum detection limit, and differences in Ct values obtained through fluorescence quantitative PCR detection. The best-performing self-selected filter membrane was placed in the ventilation ducts of cage racks within the barrier facility, with sentinel mice in corresponding cage racks as the control group. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli were used as indicator bacteria to calculate the positive detection rate and coincidence rate, thereby exploring the feasibility of using microbial capture filter membranes to monitor the health status of experimental animals in barrier facilities. Results In terms of the captured dust mass, the self-selected filter membrane M3 (non-woven filter membrane with a diameter of 0.1 um)；showed a capture effectiveness second only to T1, with a capture mass of 0.126 g. For Sa, all filter membranes except M4 had a minimum detection limit of 102 CFU/g. For Pp, the minimum detection limit for all filter membranes was 10² CFU/g. However, the Ct value of the quantitative fluorescence PCR amplification results for M3 was significantly lower than that of other materials, indicating that M3 had the best capture performance among the five self-selected materials. In the filter detection verification experiment, the positive detection rate of Staphylococcus epidermidis in sentinel mouse feces and M3 was 50.00% (6/12) and 58.33% (7/12), respectively, with a coincidence rate of 92%. The positive detection rate of Escherichia coli in both sentinel mouse feces and M3 was 50.00% (6/12), with a coincidence rate of 100%. Conclusion Among the 5 self-selected filter membranes, M3 exhibits the best capturing performance. Within the barrier environment facilities, M3 outperforms sentinel mice in monitoring Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, non-woven filter membrane with a diameter of 0.1 um； can be used as the material for microbial capture filter membranes, providing valuable insights for the selection and application of microbial capture filter membranes used in PCR monitoring of cage exhaust air dust.

Ethical review of animal experiments is based on factors such as the necessity of the experiment, its scientific validity, the professional competence of the experimenters, and research conditions, to determine the ethical permissibility of an animal experiment. Attitudes towards laboratory animals and animal experiments vary significantly due to differences in cultural traditions, religious beliefs, personality traits, and roles within the experimentation process. How animal experiment ethics can advance in tandem with the advancements of life sciences, while consistently providing forward-looking guidance and safeguarding fundamental ethics, is a subject that requires continuous exploration, practice, and research. Ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals has now become a widely accepted ethical consensus. However, attitudes and principles towards different types of animal experiments, and the methods to genuinely and effectively ensure the welfare quality of animals during live animal experiments, should be central to animal experiment ethics. Based on the deep integration of biotechnology in the field of laboratory animals, this paper considers the contribution of animal experimentation to the development of scientific ethical concepts. It systematically elucidates the special value of life in laboratory animals and their relationship with biosafety and ecological safety. It also outlines welfare quality assessment methods for different species of laboratory animals, demonstrating that the philosophical ideology of the value of life is the core of animal experiment ethics. The quality and significance of animal experiments determine the ethical level at which the value of life in laboratory animals is realized, and animal welfare technologies provide a robust ethical guarantee for animal experiments. The close integration of ethical theories with life sciences in laboratory animals is an objective requirement for animal experiment ethics. The value of life, animal welfare, and risk prevention collectively form the core elements of ethical review in animal experiments, serving as fundamental factors in improving the quality of ethical reviews and avoiding ethical deviations.

The Guangdong Province Laboratory Animals Ordinance (the GPLAO), officially enacted and implemented in October 2010, marked a new phase of legal management in the administration of laboratory animals in Guangdong Province. The GPLAO clearly authorizes the laboratory animal monitoring institutes in Guangdong Province to conduct laboratory animal quality monitoring and assume corresponding legal responsibilities. It also specifies the standards for the production and use of laboratory animals, while bringing attention to laboratory animal welfare and ethics. Through the formulation of supporting documents, the active promotion of the standardization and regulation of administrative law enforcement, and the implementation of measures to delegate power, streamline administration, and optimize government services, significant improvements have been made in the standardized management of laboratory animals in Guangdong Province and in supporting the innovative development of biomedicine. Moreover, notable achievements have been made in areas such as the construction of experimental animal technology platforms, standardization work, the preservation and development of unique resources, and talent pool development. However, with the advancements in science and technology, social economy, and legislative work, some aspects in the GPLAO have been identified for improvement. These include the need for clearer provisions on laboratory animal welfare, more specific guidelines for the management of genetically engineered animals, improved regulations on the safety and welfare of practitioners, further refined implementation of the "one-vote veto system", continued promotion of laboratory animal standardization, and the exploration of effective mechanisms for resource sharing. This paper reviews and summarizes the institutional characteristics, post-legislation implementation, and effectiveness of the GPLAO, as well as the issues and countermeasures identified during the implementation. It concludes the laboratory animals management practices in Guangdong Province during the past 10 years, aiming to provide a reference for laboratory animal legislation.