人与其他动物椎间盘解剖和组织学结构的比较医学研究进展

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.141

实验动物与比较医学 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (2): 192-201.DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.141

人与其他动物椎间盘解剖和组织学结构的比较医学研究进展

张莉¹()(), 匡宇¹()(), 韩凌霞²()()

^1.中国农业大学动物医学院, 北京 100193
^2.北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 北京 100012

收稿日期:2023-10-15 修回日期:2024-02-06 出版日期:2024-04-25 发布日期:2024-05-09
通讯作者: 韩凌霞（1971—），女，博士，副研究员，专业方向：实验动物的生产与使用质量控制。E-mail： lingxia.han@criver.cn。ORCID： 0000-0002-0186-0032；
匡宇（1969—），女，硕士，副教授，研究生导师，专业方向：解剖与组织胚胎学、组织病理学。E-mail: kuangyu@cau.edu.cn。ORCID：0000-0002-9531-0049
作者简介:张莉（2000—），女，硕士研究生，专业方向：动物医学专业。E-mail： zhangli2_11@163.com。ORCID： 0009-0000-5365-7987
基金资助:
浙江维通利华实验动物技术有限公司高新项目“自然衰老老龄小鼠生理变化动态规律的研究”(ZJRD202310)

Advances in Comparative Medical Research on Anatomy and Histological Structure of Intervertebral Discs in Humans and Other Animals

Li ZHANG¹()(), Yu KUANG¹()(), Lingxia HAN²()()

^1.College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
^2.Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100012, China

Received:2023-10-15 Revised:2024-02-06 Published:2024-04-25 Online:2024-05-09
Contact: HAN Lingxia (ORCID: 0000-0002-0186-0032), E-mail: lingxia.han@criver.cn;
KUANG Yu (ORCID: 0000-0002-9531-0049), E-mail:kuangyu@cau.edu.cn;

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

《2023年中国退行性脊柱健康报告》提到35岁以下患者的腰椎手术比例近年来显著增加，颈、腰椎病有年轻化的趋势。腰椎间盘突出症成为最困扰大众的疾病之一，研究椎间盘退变的发病机制和治疗方法有着重要的临床意义。目前人类椎间盘相关疾病多采用影像学诊断，由于脊柱的组织样本不易得到，实验动物以成本低、周期短、易获取的优点，成为替代性研究对象。人与其他动物的椎间盘有着结构和生理上的差异，比较人与其他动物的椎间盘结构和病理生理特点是研究的基础和关键。本文综述了不同动物椎间盘解剖与组织学结构相关研究文献并进行比较分析，分别从椎间盘的高度、椎间盘的几何形状、腰椎间盘软骨终板特征、椎间盘内细胞外基质组分4个角度比较了不同动物的椎间盘特点。分析结果表明：人类、袋鼠、绵羊、猪、大鼠在第六颈椎至第七颈椎处的椎间盘相对高度数值最接近；与人类腰部椎间盘几何形状最为相似的是小鼠腰椎间盘；与其他动物相比，人类的软骨终板最厚，细胞密度最小；猪纤维环内部的胶原蛋白与人类的差异最大，但猪、绵羊、兔、大鼠的髓核含水量与人类相比无差异性。在此基础上，本文还阐述了人与其他动物之间椎间盘退变的共性和差异表现，也对不同实验动物椎间盘退变的造模方法进行了总结，旨在为椎间盘退变研究选择合适的实验动物模型提供基础数据。

关键词: 椎间盘, 退变, 比较医学, 动物模型, 解剖与组织学

Abstract:

The 2023 China Health Report on Spine Degeneration noted a significant increase in lumbar surgery among patients under 35 years old in recent years, indicating a trend towards younger onset of cervical and lumbar diseases. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation has become a major concern, making the study of disc degeneration pathogenesis and treatment methods clinically significant. At present, human intervertebral disc diseases are primarily diagnosed through imaging due to the challenges of obtaining tissue samples from the spine. Therefore, experimental animals have emerged as alternative research subjects because they are cost-effective, have short experimental cycles, and are easily accessible. Given the structural and physiological differences between human and other animal intervertebral discs, comparing their anatomy and histological characteristics forms the foundation of research into human disc degeneration. The purpose of this paper is to collect and review relevant studies on anatomical and histological structures of intervertebral discs in different animals and conduct a comparative analysis from four aspects, namely, intervertebral disc height, lumbar disc geometry, lumbar disc cartilaginous endplate characteristics, and extracellular matrix components. The results show that humans, kangaroos, sheep, pigs, and rats exhibit similar relative heights between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. Mice possess lumbar disc geometries most akin to humans. Compared to other animals, humans have the thickest cartilaginous endplates and the lowest cell densities. The collagen within the fibrous annulus differs most notably in pigs compared to humans, while water content in the nucleus pulposus is consistent across pigs, sheep, rabbits, rats, and humans. Additionally, this paper describes the commonalities and discrepancies in disc degeneration manifestations between humans and animals, and summarizes modeling methods for disc degeneration in different experimental animals. Ultimately, the aims of this paper is to provide fundamental data for selecting suitable experimental animal models for the study of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Key words: Intervertebral disc, Degeneration, Comparative medicine, Animal model, Anatomy and histology

中图分类号:

Q95-33

张莉, 匡宇, 韩凌霞. 人与其他动物椎间盘解剖和组织学结构的比较医学研究进展[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2024, 44(2): 192-201.

Li ZHANG, Yu KUANG, Lingxia HAN. Advances in Comparative Medical Research on Anatomy and Histological Structure of Intervertebral Discs in Humans and Other Animals[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2024, 44(2): 192-201.

图/表 4

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部位 Level	人^[12-14]（n=20～615） Human	袋鼠^[15]（n=8） Kangaroo	绵羊^[16]（n=7～14） Sheep	猪^[17-18]（n=10） Pig	大鼠^[19-20] （n=5～19） Rat
C2～C3	0.29	-	0.12	-	-
C3～C4	0.30	-	0.15	0.24	0.32
C4～C5	0.29	0.21	0.16	0.25	0.28
C5～C6	0.25	0.25	0.17	0.23	0.21
C6～C7	0.23	0.24	0.21	0.20	0.22
C7～T1	0.26	0.27	0.20	0.14	0.51
T1～T2	0.31	0.19	0.19	0.11	-
T2～T3	0.30	0.14	0.13	0.14	-
T3～T4	0.22	0.16	0.11	0.13	-
T4～T5	0.21	0.15	0.11	0.13	-
T5～T6	0.19	0.11	0.10	0.12	-
T6～T7	0.22	0.11	0.11	0.10	-
T7～T8	0.26	0.13	0.11	0.11	-
T8～T9	0.25	0.14	0.11	0.11	-
T9～T10	0.31	0.15	0.01	0.09	-
T10～T11	0.28	0.18	0.11	0.11	-
T11～T12	0.37	0.22	0.11	0.09	-
T12～T13	0.29	0.26	0.12	0.11	-
T13～T14/L1	/	0.28	0.13	0.10	-
T14～T15	/	/	/	0.12	/
T15～L1	/	/	/	0.12	/
L1～L2	0.41	0.27	0.13	0.11	0.17
L2～L3	0.43	0.25	0.12	0.12	0.17
L3～L4	0.49	0.23	0.12	0.11	0.17
L4～L5	0.60	0.24	0.11	0.11	0.19
L5～L6	0.61	0.26	0.11	0.12	0.16
L6～L7/S1	/	0.41	0.11	0.12	/
L7～S1	/	/	-	/	/

部位 Level	人^[12-14]（n=20～615） Human	袋鼠^[15]（n=8） Kangaroo	绵羊^[16]（n=7～14） Sheep	猪^[17-18]（n=10） Pig	大鼠^[19-20] （n=5～19） Rat
C2～C3	0.29	-	0.12	-	-
C3～C4	0.30	-	0.15	0.24	0.32
C4～C5	0.29	0.21	0.16	0.25	0.28
C5～C6	0.25	0.25	0.17	0.23	0.21
C6～C7	0.23	0.24	0.21	0.20	0.22
C7～T1	0.26	0.27	0.20	0.14	0.51
T1～T2	0.31	0.19	0.19	0.11	-
T2～T3	0.30	0.14	0.13	0.14	-
T3～T4	0.22	0.16	0.11	0.13	-
T4～T5	0.21	0.15	0.11	0.13	-
T5～T6	0.19	0.11	0.10	0.12	-
T6～T7	0.22	0.11	0.11	0.10	-
T7～T8	0.26	0.13	0.11	0.11	-
T8～T9	0.25	0.14	0.11	0.11	-
T9～T10	0.31	0.15	0.01	0.09	-
T10～T11	0.28	0.18	0.11	0.11	-
T11～T12	0.37	0.22	0.11	0.09	-
T12～T13	0.29	0.26	0.12	0.11	-
T13～T14/L1	/	0.28	0.13	0.10	-
T14～T15	/	/	/	0.12	/
T15～L1	/	/	/	0.12	/
L1～L2	0.41	0.27	0.13	0.11	0.17
L2～L3	0.43	0.25	0.12	0.12	0.17
L3～L4	0.49	0.23	0.12	0.11	0.17
L4～L5	0.60	0.24	0.11	0.11	0.19
L5～L6	0.61	0.26	0.11	0.12	0.16
L6～L7/S1	/	0.41	0.11	0.12	/
L7～S1	/	/	-	/	/

物种 Species	部位 Level	高度/横向宽度 Height/ lateral width	纵向宽度/横向宽度 Anteroposterior width/ lateral width	髓核面积/椎间盘面积 Nucleus pulposus area/ disc area	与人类参数的平均偏差/% Average deviation from human parameters/%
人类（n=3） Human	L4～L5 L4～L5 L4～L5	0.20	0.67	0.28	-
兔（n=3） Rabbit		0.11	0.52	0.25	26.00
大鼠（n=3） Rat		0.16	0.75	0.25	15.00
小鼠（n=3） Mouse	L3～L4	0.17	0.67	0.18	12.00
大鼠（n=3） Rat	CA10～CA11	0.29	1.07	0.37	46.00
小鼠（n=3） Mouse	CA9～CA10	0.20	1.08	0.30	18.00

物种 Species	部位 Level	高度/横向宽度 Height/ lateral width	纵向宽度/横向宽度 Anteroposterior width/ lateral width	髓核面积/椎间盘面积 Nucleus pulposus area/ disc area	与人类参数的平均偏差/% Average deviation from human parameters/%
人类（n=3） Human	L4～L5 L4～L5 L4～L5	0.20	0.67	0.28	-
兔（n=3） Rabbit		0.11	0.52	0.25	26.00
大鼠（n=3） Rat		0.16	0.75	0.25	15.00
小鼠（n=3） Mouse	L3～L4	0.17	0.67	0.18	12.00
大鼠（n=3） Rat	CA10～CA11	0.29	1.07	0.37	46.00
小鼠（n=3） Mouse	CA9～CA10	0.20	1.08	0.30	18.00

物种 Species	部位 Level	中心区 Central area				边缘区 Edge area
物种 Species	部位 Level	厚度/mm Thickness/ mm	细胞密度/mm² Cellular density/ mm²	胶原分布特征 Collagen distribution feature	胶原纤维直径/nm Collagen fiber diameter/ nm	厚度/mm Thickness/ mm	细胞密度/mm² Cellular density/ mm²	胶原分布特征 Collagen distribution feature	胶原纤维直径/nm Collagen fiber diameter/ nm
人类（n=5） Human	L1～L5	855.58±24.37^**	259.00±31.00^**	平行排列，间隙较小	57.18±17.11	938.31±108.44	203.00±36.00	平行排列，间隙较小	67.58±30.48
猪（n=8） Pig	L2～L6	304.80±17.47^**	605.00±132.00^**	相互缠绕，间隙较大	57.53±24.10^*	279.24±27.72	409.00±67.00	平行排列，间隙较大	63.46±19.05
兔（n=8） Rabbit	L3～L7	69.41±9.79	991.00±200.00	聚集成束并发生交联	60.83±18.64^**	73.81±11.27	868.00±192.00	聚集成束并发生交联	77.06±21.92
大鼠（n=8） Rat	L2～L5	288.96±49.00^**	603.00±93.00^**	网状交织	45.06±8.98^**	209.10±18.16	762.00±81.00	网状交织	107.25±42.74

人与其他动物椎间盘解剖和组织学结构的比较医学研究进展

Advances in Comparative Medical Research on Anatomy and Histological Structure of Intervertebral Discs in Humans and Other Animals

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物种 Species	部位 Level	胶原蛋白占比/(μg·mg^-1) Collagen content /(μg·mg^-1)			蛋白聚糖占比/(μg·mg^-1) GAG content/(μg·mg^-1)			含水量/% Water content/%
物种 Species	部位 Level	髓核 Nucleus pulposus	纤维环内部 Inner annulus fibrosus	纤维环外部 Outer annulus fibrosus	髓核 Nucleus pulposus	纤维环内部 Inner annulus fibrosus	纤维环外部 Outer annulus fibrosus	髓核 Nucleus pulposus	纤维环内部 Inner annulus fibrosus	纤维环外部 Outer annulus fibrosus
人类（n=3） Human	L3～L4	15.6±4.0	47.9±3.0	102.6±18.9	-	-	-	-	-	-
人类（n=3） Human	L4～L5	-	-	-	466.0±205.0	377.0±185.0	161.0±31.9	81.0±3.0	80.0±2.0	72.0±3.0
猪（n=5） Pig	L1～L2	5.8±2.9	108.7±6.4^***	122.4±22.8	379.0±160.0	150.0±19.7^*	71.8±13.5	83.0±2.0	69.0±3.0^*	59.0±2.0^*
山羊（n=5） Goat	L4～L5	18.5±5.8	26.4±15.7	52.7±13.9^*	-	-	-	-	-	-
绵羊（n=5） Sheep	L3～L4	19.2±10.6	66.8±11.1	106.9±18.4	547.0±69.5	260.0±55.5^*	122.0±32.6	75.0±3.0	66.0±3.0^*	57.0±3.0^*
兔（n=5） Rabbit	L4～L5	-	34.0±17.2	77.9±19.2	579.0±158.0	372.0±132.0	160.0±102.0	82.0±5.0	73.0±5.0	62.0±9.0^*
大鼠（n=5） Rat	L3～L4	-	-	-	384.0±108.0	165.0±27.9^*	47.1±10.9^*	82.0±9.0	71.0±9.0^*	65.0±3.0

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