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Recent Advances of Animal Models of Renal Interstitial Fibrosis Can LAI, Lele LI, Tala HU, Yan MENG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (2): 163-172.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.171 Abstract （503）   HTML （21）    PDF （817KB）（5081）       Knowledge map    Save Renal interstitial fibrosis is a common pathway in the progression of many renal diseases. Whether it is chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury that cannot be fully recovered, the progression process mostly enters end-stage renal failure after renal interstitial fibrosis. The animal model of renal interstitial fibrosis is an important research tool for exploring the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis and new diagnostic and treatment methods. Different animal models have their own characteristics. Researchers can establish different models based on their own experience and experimental purposes, and carry out scientific research on this basis to provide more new methods for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases. The authors focused on several common animal models of renal interstitial fibrosis to provide the reference for related researchers, including surgical models induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, 5/6 nephrectomy, and microembolization; chemical models induced by cyclosporine A, adriamycin, aristolochic acid, mercuric chloride（HgCl2）, gentamicin, cisplatin, and adenine; transgenic hybridization and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) induced transgenic modification model; composite model induced by bilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (BIRI) combined with gentamicin, unilateral nephrectomy combined with angiotensin II (Ang II), and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI) combined with pLVX-shTNC plasmid. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the Application of Mouse Models to Study Digestive Mucosal Immunity and Infectious Diseases Shiyan YU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (1): 3-10.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.170 Abstract （579）   HTML （253）    PDF （918KB）（4378）       Knowledge map    Save The host digestive tract comprises trillions of commensal microbes, collectively called microbiota. These microbes interact with a various host cell types and have a significant impact on health and disease. High-throughput sequencing technologies have accelerated the identification of numerous poorly studied microbes associated with health and disease. Genetic and humanized mouse models with and without environmental exposure were established to study the roles of these microbes in human physiologies and pathologies. Important findings related to the microbiota, mucosal immunity, and infectious diseases in mouse models are summarized. Furthermore, challenges and opportunities in leveraging genetic approaches and environmental exposure to optimize mouse models are discussed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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General Anesthetics Commonly Used for Laboratory Animals Xiao LU, Lingzhi YU, Sonja Tsung-Ying CHOU, Ruying LI, Wenjun CHEN, Shanxiang JIANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (1): 18-26.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.011 Abstract （1887）   HTML （279）    PDF （903KB）（5728）       Knowledge map    Save General anesthetics used for laboratory animals are mostly controlled drugs, and are subject to strict supervision by the competent government agency in China. Many general anesthetics recommended in the literature are either unavailable or difficult to procure/access in the market, resulting in limited options for clinical use. Furthermore, not all laboratory veterinarians have practical experience in species-specific anesthetic selection and use. Owing to these factors, general anesthesia presents a common institutional challenge in animal surgical programs and serves as a bottleneck that restricts the sustainable development of biomedical industries working with laboratory animal species. This article summarizes the pharmacological properties of common general anesthetics and provides suggestions for general anesthesia in different laboratory animal species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅲ) Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Xiaomeng SHI, Yuzhou ZHANG, Chao LÜ, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Yonggang LIU, Yufeng TAO, Wanyong PANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 446-456.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.039 Abstract （462）   HTML （39）    PDF （1578KB）（3256）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge.Researchers reporting their research process transparently and accurately can help readers evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). The third part of the article includes the items 8-10 of ARRIVE 2.0 Essential 10, which covers "experimental animals" "experimental procedures" and "results". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅰ) Jian WANG, Jin LU, Zhengwen MA, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Wanyong Pang Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (2): 213-224.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.043 Abstract （1780）   HTML （75）    PDF （1622KB）（3227）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge. Researchers reporting their research process transparently and accurately can help readers evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. this article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). The first part of the article includes the preface and the "Key 10" section, which covers "study design" "sample size" and "inclusion and exclusion criteria". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Animal Models of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Qiwen HU, Zheng BI, Haiping LIU, Zhihua DONG, ZHUYanlin, Jinhua WANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (5): 423-431.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.063 Abstract （578）   HTML （42）    PDF （883KB）（3069）       Knowledge map    Save The occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may be related to maternal malnutrition, abnormal placental function, immune abnormalities, genetically related problems as well as other diseases, but the mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, the study of IUGR and the development of its animal model are critical issues in obstetrics. IUGR models are mainly based on laboratory rodents, such as mice and rats, and other mammals such as pigs, rabbits and sheep. This article introduced several common IUGR animal models, including nutrition restriction model, high-altitude pregnancy model, natural selection model, and nicotine exposure model, and also described the construction methods of IUGR models and the comparison of their advantages and disadvantages. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease Zhejin SHENG, Limei LI Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (4): 342-350.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.122 Abstract （715）   HTML （377）    PDF （833KB）（3112）       Knowledge map    Save Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, which seriously affects the health of the elderly people. The drugs currently approved for the treatment of AD can only reduce the symptoms severity of AD, but can't cure AD or prevent the deterioration of AD. Over the past 40 years, there have been numerous treatments for AD, including compounds that prevent amyloid deposition in the brain or remove existing amyloid plaques, but their clinical curative effects are not significant. Therefore, more basic and clinical studies are needed to improve our understanding of the biological mechanism of AD. Experimental animal models are very important not only for the study of the pathogenesis of AD, but also for the development of AD drugs. This paper reviewed the main histopathological characteristics, genetic factors, the current animal models and model evaluation of AD. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of Studies in Animal Models of Schizophrenia Ling HU, Zhibin HU, Yunqing HU, Yuqiang DING Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (2): 145-155.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.174 Abstract （827）   HTML （54）    PDF （941KB）（2975）       Knowledge map    Save Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly destructive and complex psychiatric disorder illness, accompanied by a variety of positive and negative symptoms along with cognitive impairment, which brings a heavy social burden. Elucidation of the pathogenesis and therapeutic development is challenging because the complex interplay between genetic risk factors and environmental factors in essential neurodevelopmental processes. Therefore, preparing appropriate animal models can help people better understanding the neurobiological basis of SCZ and provide theoretical basis for finding new treatments. In order to provide reference for the application and improvement of SCZ animal models, this commentary reviewed several main modeling methods for animal models of SCZ, including neurodevelopmental models, drug-induced animal models, and genetic models, and the behavioral evaluation, histological analysis and possible molecular mechanisms of SCZ animal models were also outlined. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fine Structure of the Trunk Kidney and Distribution of Its Secreted Exosomes in the Adult Zebrafish Jinxing LIN, Xindong WANG, Xuebing BAI, Liping FENG, Shuwu XIE, Qiusheng CHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 531-540.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070 Abstract （455）   HTML （134）    PDF （3115KB）（2571）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To observe the fine structure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish, and to identify its secreted exosomes. Methods The microstructure and ultrastructure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy, and the particle size of exosomes was detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Results The trunk kidney was close and parallel to the spine in adult zebrafish. The nephron consisted of renal tubules and renal corpuscles. The renal tubules could be further divided into three types: proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and cervical segments. The renal corpuscles were composed of glomerulus and renal capsules. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining results revealed that there were abundant glycogen granules in the proximal convoluted tubules, with brush-like outline in the apical surface of epithelial cells. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), there were exosomes distributed in the lumen of renal tubules, with numerous late endosomes and few number of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells concentrating on the apical side. Meanwhile, MVBs were also distributed in the apical regions of the renal tubules and the podocytes of the renal glomeruli. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that CD9, CD63 and TSG101 were strongly expressed in the lumen surface of the renal tubules, but weakly expressed in the corpuscles and lumen. NTA and TEM results showed that the exosomes isolated from zebrafish trunk kidney were saucer-like outline, and the particle size mode was 144.4 nm, which was consistent with the characteristics of morphological futures of exosome. Conclusion The zebrafish somatic kidney has the typical structure of the mammalian kidney and is the urinary organ in the body. The renal tubules have the ability to secrete exosomes, and their formation is a process of releasing poly-vesicles to the free surface of epithelial cells into the extracellular space. This study laid a morphological foundation for further study of exosomes in urinary function in aquatic experimental animals as well as the development and application of related models. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration of the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅱ) Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Lingzhi YU, Ying QIAO, Jian WANG, Jin LU, Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Wanyong PANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (3): 323-331.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.042 Abstract （694）   HTML （53）    PDF （1187KB）（2735）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results remains a major challenge. Transparent and accurate reporting of progress can help readers evaluate the reliability of research results and further explore an experiment by repeating or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is the second part of the Chinese translation of the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in PLoS Biology in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ) and based on the best practices for following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals. This part includes Items 4-7 of "ARRIVE Essential 10" in the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines: "Randomization", "Blinding", "Outcome Measurement", and "Statistical Methods". Our Chinese translated version aims to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhancing the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promoting the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and Applications in Animal Models of Neuroblastoma Zhigang TAN, Jinxin LIU, Chuya ZHENG, Wenfeng LIAO, Luping FENG, Hongli PENG, Xiu YAN, Zhenjian ZHUO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (3): 288-296.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.194 Abstract （413）   HTML （20）    PDF （1067KB）（2407）       Knowledge map    Save Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in children, ranks fourth in the incidence of pediatric tumors, and accounts for 15% of pediatric tumor deaths in children in China. Despite the development of new treatment options, the prognosis for high-risk patients is still poor. An animal model that can replicate the tumorigenesis of NB is an important tool for the prevention and treatment of NB. However, there are currently no animal models that can simulate all features of human NB. To provide a reference for the construction of animal models and treatment of NB, this article introduced several animal models of NB that have been extensively researched: the mouse, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane, and zebrafish models. At the same time, it elaborated on the species, construction methods, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and research progress in NB. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction Methods and Influencing Factors on Animal Model of Sepsis Xiao LI, Haipeng YAN, Zhenghui XIAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (3): 207-212.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.121 Abstract （575）   HTML （38）    PDF （676KB）（2869）       Knowledge map    Save Sepsis is a common acute and critical illness, and its pathogenic mechanism is complex, often involving multiple organs and systems in the body. Various factors such as inflammatory response, immune dysfunction, and coagulation dysfunction are connected into an interconnected and mutually influencing network system, aggravating the severity of the disease. At present, the case fatality rate of sepsis is about 25%, which is a serious threat to human health. Establishing a stable and reliable experimental animal model of sepsis is an important means to understand the mechanism of host defense regulation in the early stage of infection, the mechanism of host response disorder in the stage of disease progression and to study the therapeutic effect of new therapeutic drugs. At present, there are many methods to establish animal models of sepsis, and there are many influencing factors. Therefore, this paper reviewed the preparation methods and influencing factors of animal models of sepsis, in order to provide some references for researchers to select suitable animal models. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Animal Aging Models Danyang YIN, Yi HU, Rengfei SHI Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (2): 156-162.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.094 Abstract （922）   HTML （46）    PDF （751KB）（2504）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing severity of global aging, aging-related issues have become the hotspot in the field of health. In recent years, animal aging models have been widely developed and applied, which is of great significance in the study of aging mechanism. Animals with short life span, such as Caenorhabditis Elegans and Drosophila Melanogaster, have natural advantages in the study of aging. Various rat and mouse aging models have been used in aging studies. In recent years, new animal aging models have been developed, such as the African turquoise killifish. The authors reviewed main animal models used in the study of aging, and analyzed the establishment methods, evaluation indexes, advantages and disadvantages of each model in order to provide reference for related research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease LOK Keng-hoe, ZHAO Wen-juan, YING Ming Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2012, 32 (1): 80-88.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5817.2012.01.020 Abstract （174）      PDF （343KB）（2545）       Knowledge map    Save Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer's disease, AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, its learning ability, behavioral and expression impairments exacerbate with age. AD animal models than simulate the AD disease's pathology are an essential tool to study this disease. A number of transgenic animal models had successfully established, including APPPS1, PS1/PS1, Tau protein transgenic mice and rapid aging-SAMP8 mice. Suitable animal model play an important role in the AD pathogenesis and drug development research. This article reviews the most common animal model of AD and its role in drug development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke Bo DONG, Jiaxin LIU, Wei XIONG, Songqi TANG, Wei HUANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (1): 54-61.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.049 Abstract （929）   HTML （54）    PDF （970KB）（3380）       Knowledge map    Save Ischemic stroke refers to the ischemic necrosis or softening of limited brain tissue caused by cerebral blood circulation disorder, ischemia and hypoxia, resulting in corresponding neurological functional defects. Ischemic stroke is one of the primary causes of human disability, seriously threatens human health, and there is still no effective treatment by now. In order to study the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and prevent and treat it better, it is very important to establish appropriate animal models.This paper aims to summarize the animal models of ischemic stroke and its advantages and disadvantages. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Revision of Standards for Microbiological and Parasitological Grades in Laboratory Animals and Its Comparison to Foreign Standards Lianxiang GUO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 339-346.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.088 Abstract （786）   HTML （98）    PDF （859KB）（2443）       Knowledge map    Save The national standard, GB 14922-2022 on "Laboratory Animal Microbiological and Parasitical standards and monitoring " was implemented on July 1st, 2023. This article is compiled according to the speech of the 16th East China Laboratory Annual meeting, explores and critically analyzes the developments made to the revised standard and examines how this framework compares with quality control programs of other established international institutions. The key aspects of establishing quality monitoring programs for animal-associated microorganisms in laboratory animal facilities are briefly discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Alternative Methods of Skin Sensitization Test Jingyi HUANG, Peining LI, Xiangmei LIU, Zhonghua LIU, Yufeng HUANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (4): 313-321.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.173 Abstract （451）   HTML （611）    PDF （787KB）（2488）       Knowledge map    Save Allergic contact dermatitis is a type Ⅳ hypersensitivity reaction caused by repeated skin exposure to a substance and is a common public health problem. Traditional skin sensitization tests are based on animal experiments such as guinea pig maximum test and closed patch. In recent years, with the increasing attention of animal ethics and the development of science and technology, alternative methods of skin sensitization test have emerged. According to different principles, these alternative methods are divided into in vivo alternative methods, several in vitro alternative methods based on harmful outcome pathways, and genomic allergen rapid test, etc. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of these alternative methods of skin sensitization test, and several integrated testing and evaluation methods based on adverse outcome pathways. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in the Application of Animal Disease Models in the Medical Research on Colorectal Cancer Yanjuan CHEN, Ruling SHEN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 512-523.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.076 Abstract （440）   HTML （147）    PDF （1046KB）（2056）       Knowledge map    Save Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world. The latest statistics show that CRC accounts for 10% of all cancer cases worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths. CRC is a highly heterogeneous disease, the development of which is driven by functional abnormalities or epigenetic changes caused by multiple gene expression mutations, and there are different pathways that lead to tumor formation. Complex factors such as genetics, environment, ethics, and individual differences of patients themselves limit the study of CRC in humans, so the disease animal models have become an indispensable tool for the study of CRC, and play an important role in prevention, treatment, preclinical research and basic research. There are various types of CRC animal models, of which mouse models are the most widely used. According to different model establishing methods, the models are divided into spontaneous, chemically induced, transplanted tumor and genetic-engineering mouse models. Different models have different characteristics and application prospects. In this study, we focus on these mouse models of CRC in detail, and introduce the latest research progress of CRC models in rats, experimental pigs and zebrafish, to provide reference for the selection and application of animal models of CRC. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comparative Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rat Models Established by Different Methods Xinpeng LU, Rong LIU, Wenbo Huang, Jin ZHAO, Hongtao LI Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (3): 201-206.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.118 Abstract （626）   HTML （60）    PDF （1271KB）（2814）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To compare the effects and characteristics of cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) alone and CSE combined with airway instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into control, CSE, and CSE+LPS groups, with 10 rats in each group. After 24 weeks, the models were established and the lung function of the rats was measured. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the airway and lung tissue. The ELISA method was used to detect the level of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in peripheral blood.Results Airway resistance (RI), functional residual capacity (FRC), and chord compliance (Cchord) of the CSE and LPS+CSE groups were higher than those of the control group (all P < 0.05), while the tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), and forced expiratory volume in 50 ms (FEV50) / forced vital capacity (FVC) of the CSE and LPS+CSE groups were lower than those of the control group (all P < 0.05). HE staining of lung tissue showed that the average alveolar intercept and thickness of the small airway walls were higher in the CSE and LPS+CSE groups than those in the control group. Compensatory enlargement was evident in the alveolar cavity of the CSE and CSE+LPS groups, and the alveolar septum widened, with a fusion of pulmonary alveoli in the CSE+LPS group. The levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum of the CSE and CSE+LPS groups were higher than those of the control group (all P < 0.05). The level of TNF-α in serum of the CSE+LPS group was higher than that of the CSE group (P < 0.05).Conclusion The CSE combined with LPS method is superior to CSE alone for establishing the COPD rat model, and the combined model is closer to clinical manifestations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0—Reporting Animal Research and In Vivo Experiments (Ⅳ) Xiaying LI, Yonglu TIAN, Xiaoyu LIU, Xuancheng LU, Guoyuan CHEN, Xiao LU, Yu BAI, Jing GAO, Yao LI, Yusheng WEI, Wanyong PANG, Yufeng TAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (6): 659-668.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.142 Abstract （395）   HTML （54）    PDF （1188KB）（2117）       Knowledge map    Save Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research results is a major challenge.Transparent and accurate reporting of the research process enables readers to evaluate the reliability of the research results and further explore the experiment by repeating it or building upon its findings. The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines, released in 2019 by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), provide a checklist applicable to any in vivo animal research report. These guidelines aim to improve the standardization of experimental design, implementation, and reporting, as well as the reliability, repeatability, and clinical translatability of animal experimental results. The use of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines not only enriches the details of animal experimental research reports, ensuring that information on animal experimental results is fully evaluated and utilized, but also enables readers to understand the content expressed by the author accurately and clearly, promoting the transparency and integrity of the fundamental research review process. At present, the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines have been widely adopted by international biomedical journals. This article is a Chinese translation based on the best practices of international journals following the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines in international journals, specifically for the complete interpretation of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines published in the PLoS Biology journal in 2020 (original text can be found at https://arriveguidelines.org ). The fourth part of the article includes the items 1-5 of ARRIVE 2.0 Recommended 11 section, which covers "Abstract" "Background" "Objectives" "Ethical statement" and "Housing and husbandry". Its aim is to promote the full understanding and use of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines by domestic researchers, enhance the standardization of experimental animal research and reporting, and promote the high-quality development of experimental animal technology and comparative medicine research in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Animal Models of Ulcerative Colitis Yu HU, Yunxi LAN, Xiaoxiao CHEN, Wei XIONG, Songqi TANG, Bo JIA, Wei HUANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (3): 220-228.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.155 Abstract （721）   HTML （35）    PDF （890KB）（2893）       Knowledge map    Save Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Its pathogenesis has not been fully revealed. Moreover, the lack of effective and safe treatment strategies is an obstacle for UC treatment currently. Animal models are essential tools in disease research. Therefore, the establishment of animal models with pathological manifestations similar to human UC is conducive to the full study of this disease. In this review, we reviewed the research progress of animal models of UC, and found that chemical induction is the most commonly used method for modeling UC. Based on the development of genomics technology, gene editing or knockout-induced spontaneous colitis is a vital direction for animal models research in the future. In addition, the indexes for evaluating the modeling results of UC animal models need to be further explored. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Injurious Effect of Cisplatin on the Function of Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/gonadal Axis in Mice and the Intervention Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Zhiqiang PAN, Zixin NONG, Haina XIE, Peike PENG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (3): 229-242.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.182 Abstract （419）   HTML （56）    PDF （3170KB）（2176）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To study the pathway of cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum (DDP) inhibiting the synthesis of steroid hormones in mice, and to observe the intervention effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Methods Sixty adult ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group, DDP modeling group, and DHEA group, with 10 male and 10 female mice in each group. The DDP modeling group mice were intraperitoneally injected with DDP solution at a dose of 2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, once every 3 days, a total of 7 times. On the same day of modeling, the control group mice were injected with an equal amount of physiological saline intraperitoneally. The DEHA treatment group mice were treated with DDP and given a dose of 8.3 mg·kg-1·d -1 of DHEA by gavage for 21 consecutive days. The changes of fatigue indexes of mice were observed by open field, grip and rod rotation tests. The morphology changes of adrenal gland, testicular and ovarian tissue were observed by pathological section and HE staining. The levels of serum steroid hormones were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The mRNA and protein expression levels of the related genes of the hypothalamus, hypophysis, adrenal, testis and ovary were tested by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Results Compared with control group, both male and female mice in DDP modeling group were significantly losing weight (P＜0.05), their abilities in horizontal movement and vertical movement decreased (all P＜0.05), and the stay time and grip also significantly decreased (all P＜0.05) in female mice. Indexes of fatigue were improved after DHEA supplement (all P＜0.05). In the DDP modeling group, the arrangement of spermatogenic cells at all levels in the testicular tissue was disordered and the testicular interstitial edema was observed, and a large number of primordial follicles in the ovarian tissue were activated, the number of atresia follicles increased, and the number of granulosa cells in the follicles decreased; while in the DHEA group, the damaged phenotype of testicles and ovaries was significantly improved. Compared with control group, the levels of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in both male and female DDP modeling mice significantly decreased (P＜0.01), the pregnenolone was down-regulated but corticosterone was up-regulated significantly (P＜0.05) in male mice, the corticosterone was down-regulated significantly (P＜0.05) in female mice. Compared with the DDP group, after DHEA supplement, the pregnenolone in male mice and the progesterone in female mice increased significantly (P＜0.05), but the pregnenolone in female mice and the progesterone in male mice decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Compared with control group, the expression levels of Cyp21a1 and Cyp11a1 genes in the adrenal gland and Gnrh gene in the hypothalamus of male and female mice in the DDP modeling group significantly decreased (all P＜0.05); the expression levels of Hsd3b2 gene in the adrenal gland, Star, Cyp11a1, and Lhr genes in the ovaries, Crh, Pomc, and Lhb genes in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pituitary of female mice significantly decreased (all P＜0.05); the expression levels of Star gene and StAR protein in the testicles of male mice, as well as Fshb and Lhb genes in the pituitary gland, were significantly down-regulated (all P＜0.05). After DHEA supplement, compared with the DDP modeling group, the mRNA expression levels of Cyp17a1 in the adrenal gland of male mice and Cyp17a1, Lhr and Fshr genes in testis were down-regulated significantly (P＜0.05); the expression level of Cyp11a1 gene in the adrenal gland of female mice was also decreased (P＜0.05); while the expression levels of Hsd3b2 gene in the adrenal gland, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b2 and Lhr gene in the ovary, and Lhb gene in the pituitary gland were all up-regulated ( P＜0.05). Conclusion The function of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/gonadal axis was inhibited by DDP intermittent injection, especially in female. Supplementation of DHEA can help regulate the homeostasis of steroid hormone levels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Latest Research Progress of the Function of Spinal CD11c + Microglia in Neuropathic Pain Changgeng PENG, Yan FU, Fengting ZHU, Ruilong XIA, Wei XIA Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (3): 171-176.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.073 Abstract （633）   HTML （123）    PDF （1644KB）（2217）       Knowledge map    Save Neuropathic pain (NP) affects approximately 10% of the population, and treatments and drugs for NP have limited efficacy. Microglia in the spinal cord play important and paradoxical roles in peripheral nerve injury-induced NP, both promoting the development of NP and relieving NP. In April 2022, Keita Kohno et al. reported that after peripheral nerve injury, CD11c+ microglia appearing in the spinal cord of mice were a type of microglia that relieve NP and inhibited pain recurrence. In this commentary, we review the important findings of this type of analgesic microglia subset, and provide a perspective for future work related to this new finding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Laboratory Animal Models in Cancer Precision Medicine Research SONG Weijie, ZHOU Yan, NIU Ruifang Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2021, 41 (6): 493-500.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021-027 Abstract （644）   HTML （31）    PDF （1170KB）（2305）       Knowledge map    Save Laboratory animal disease models play an important role in clinical translational research, and have been widely used in life sciences, medical chemistry, and biological health. In addition, animal models are often used as effective tools to study cancer occurrence, development, and metastasis. In recent years, with the increasing demand for precision medicine, the patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model has been widely used as an important model for drug screening and translational research in the development of anti-cancer drugs and the introduction of personalized treatment plans for individuals. With the perspective of the development of experimental animal tumor models and the application of immunodeficient animals, this review summarizes the status of PDX models in precision medicine, defines the characteristics of different types of animal models, and provides prospects for future development trends and applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research and Application Progress in Visualized RPA-LFD Nucleic Acid Detection Technology YU Lingzhi, TAO Lingyun, WEI Xiaofeng Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2021, 41 (6): 547-553.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.019 Abstract （995）   HTML （35）    PDF （1922KB）（2246）       Knowledge map    Save Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology. Compared to PCR, it features ease of use, high efficiency, high sensitivity, high specificity, and does not need specific instruments, which allows it as an alternative to PCR and the most promising tool for rapid molecular diagnosis. RPA combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD) (RPA-LFD) enables visual detection of amplified products and has promising applications for rapid nucleic acid detection of pathogens on site. The novel technique provides a new method for quality supervision and inspection of laboratory animals. In this paper, we reviewed the principle, research status, and technical difficulties of RPA-LFD, as well as the progress in rapid extraction of nucleic acid on site. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Establishment and Application of Laboratory Animal Models Related to Development of Male Infertility Drugs Shuwu XIE, Ruling SHEN, Jinxing LIN, Chun FAN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 504-511.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.120 Abstract （388）   HTML （160）    PDF （853KB）（1828）       Knowledge map    Save As the incidence of male infertility has been increasing during recent years, it is urgent to reveal the pathogenesis of male infertility, as well as to develop the new drugs for treatment of male infertility, in order to solve the declining birth rate and aging problems. The construction and application of male infertile animal models is critical for drug development, which plays an important role in accurately evaluating the efficacy and mechanism of infertility treatment. A suitable infertility model not only can reduce the repeated drug efficacy evaluations, reduce animal usage and the cost of new drug development, but also has important reference value for subsequent clinical trial research. Male infertility laboratory animal models can be constructed through chemical, physical, endocrine, environmental estrogen, gene modification, and immune methods. This article mainly introduces the existing male infertility animal models available for drug development, and briefly introduces the application progress of each model to provide reference for the male infertility drug researchers. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Establishing and Evaluation of Acne Animal Models Rui ZHANG, Meiyu LÜ, Jianjun ZHANG, Jinlian LIU, Yan CHEN, Zhiqiang HUANG, Yao LIU, Lanhua ZHOU Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 398-405.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.021 Abstract （762）   HTML （46）    PDF （808KB）（1926）       Knowledge map    Save According to understanding of the pathogenesis of acne, scholars have established animal models of acne inflammation, animal models of grafting human skin acne, and natural acne animal models. The acne inflammation model is mainly induced by bacterial infection, chemical drug application, and foreign matter injection. Natural acne animal models include animals that some are sensitivity to hormones and some have clinical symptoms of acne. It is necessary to select appropriate model animals and replicate model methods for the development of acne intervention products with different degrees and mechanisms. At present, there are only human evaluation standards of acne health functions in China, but no animal evaluation standards, which has affected the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of acne as well as the research and development progress of acne products. This article summarizes the conditions for the occurrence of acne, the characteristics of human skin, the bidirectional effect of Cutibacterium acnes on human skin, acne animal models, and commonly used observation and evaluation indicators, providing the reference for studying the pathogenesis of acne, promoting acne treatment and health care, and developing treatment products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biosafety Problems and Countermeasures in the Management of Barrier Facilities for Laboratory Animals Yuqin YANG Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (2): 95-101.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.164 Abstract （753）   HTML （154）    PDF （798KB）（2665）       Knowledge map    Save Biosafety is an important part of national security, and effective control of biological hazards of laboratory animals is the basis of using laboratory animals. Based on the experience of biosafety management in the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai General Hospital, this paper analyzed the potential biosafety threats faced by laboratory animal barrier facilities in the process of ensuring the smooth conducting of animal experiments from the perspective of a laboratory animal facility manager, and discussed the relevant countermeasures to reduce such risks, in order to provide a reference for the proper control of biosafety problems in animal experiments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress Related to Candidate Treatment Methods and Modeling Factors for Diabetic Animal Models with Skin Injury LIN Jiang, LUO Fei, LIU Peng, HAN Siyin, CHEN Zhenxing, LIANG Zhongxiu, LAN Taijin Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2021, 41 (6): 515-520.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2021.025 Abstract （545）   HTML （29）    PDF （1184KB）（2243）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, multiple drugs and other therapies are used for diabetic wounds, including Chinese herbs, Western medicine, biological agents, and physical therapy, these agents have been shown to be associated with favorable clinical outcomes, however, their long-term efficacy needs to be further improved. A diabetic wound is the result of an interaction among multiple cells and cytokines, and therefore a single treatment method is often ineffective. On the basis of establishing stable and reliable animal models, the mechanism underlying each treatment method can be clarified through pharmacological research, providing a basis for combined clinical application and improved clinical outcomes. In this paper, the scientific literature related to diabetic animal models with skin injury from the last 24 years was collected, and the factors involved in animal model preparation and treatment data were statistically analyzed to provide references for improving the modeling efficiency and scientifically evaluating the effectiveness of treatment methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study on Raising and Maintaining Clean Mice with Micro-barrier Cages in Conventional Environmental Facilities Qi REN, Yandong LI, Qiang SUN Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2022, 42 (5): 440-447.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.129 Abstract （764）   HTML （66）    PDF （1562KB）（1366）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the feasibility of breeding cleaning degree mice with micro-barrier cages in conventional environmental facilities. Methods Clean-grade mice were housed and maintained in positive-pressure microbarrier cages in a general environment, during which third-party sampling of the microbial status of the animals in the microbarrier was performed on a quarterly frequency. Results From June 2020 to July 2022, no microorganisms that must be excluded by the national standard for cleaning degree mice have been detected in two consecutive years. Conclusion Micro-barrier cages can be used to raise and maintain cleaning grade mice in conventional environmental facilities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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History, Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities of Laboratory Monkey Industry in China SUN Qiang Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (4): 343-356.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.112 Abstract （813）   HTML （730）    PDF （1167KB）（1248）       Knowledge map    Save Laboratory animals play a crucial role in foundational scientific research and clinical medicine. Non-human primates (NHP), particularly Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis, have long been highly valued due to their close resemblance to humans. After more than half a century of development, China's NHP laboratory animal industry has gradually transitioned from its early stage of rapid and unregulated growth to a mature stage of standardization and refinement. However, there has been a dramatic surge in global biopharmaceutical research in recent years, leading to a sharp increase in demand for NHP laboratory animals. This surge, coupled with the lack of long-term strategic planning among breeding enterprises, has resulted in severe aging of breeding populations and a significant decline in reproductive capabilities, further widening the supply gap. Under the dual pressures of rising demand and declining supply, the prices of NHP laboratory animals have surged. Although the cyclical downturn in the biopharmaceutical industry in recent years has lowered the demand for NHP laboratory animals to some extent, leading to significant price drops, the prices remain high. At the same time, against the backdrop of high prices, issues such as the accelerating aging of breeding populations, the lower standards for microbial quality control, insufficient genetic quality control, and blind investment in facility construction have emerged within the NHP laboratory animal industry. This report provides a comprehensive review of the history and current status of China's NHP laboratory animal industry, with a focus on laboratory monkeys. It explores the factors shaping the current industry landscape and identifies potential challenges and opportunities facing the industry. It aims to offer insights and references for the future development of China's NHP laboratory animal industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Biological Characteristics in Naked Mole Rat ZHAO Shan-min, CUI Shu-fang Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2013, 33 (5): 400-405.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5817.2013.05.016 Abstract （307）      PDF （305KB）（2033）       Knowledge map    Save As a rodent mammal, the naked mole rat inhabit the arid regions of Africa Kenya, Ethiopia, etc. Owing to its social behavior and ecophysiology, the naked mole rat may be commonly used in biomedical research. Compared with traditional animal models, it has unparalleled advantages in cancer and aging research, mechanistic studies of geriatrics and cardiovascular disease, research and development of pain killers. The naked mole rat, as a new experimental animals, have aroused great concern at home and abroad in recent years. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution and Prospects of Laboratory Animal Management: A Case Study of Shanghai's Development in the Past Decade Yong ZHAO Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (5): 492-503.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.134 Abstract （551）   HTML （174）    PDF （1101KB）（1760）       Knowledge map    Save There are differences in historical and cultural beliefs, development history, and levels of technological development among different countries and regions around the world. However, they have all established corresponding laboratory animal management systems that are suitable for their national conditions. In 2001, the Ministry of Science and Technology, together with six other ministries, jointly issued the administrative licensing system for experimental animals, which was an innovative measure in China's specialized management system for experimental animals.The State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Standards Committee, based on the welfare of experimental animals and the needs of scientific research, have formulated a series of national standards for laboratory animals, and the local experimental animal management institutions, experimental animal quality testing unit and professional training base have also been established, which provide a strong guarantee for the rapid and healthy development of experimental animal science. This paper reviews the development of experimental animal management in Shanghai in the past ten years, reflects the evolution of national experimental animal management in recent years, points out the weak links in the development process, and puts forward suggestions for the innovation and development of experimental animal work. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three Dimensions of Animal Experiment Ethics: Analysis Based on Value of Life, Animal Welfare, and Risk Prevention ZHAO Yong Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2024, 44 (4): 445-454.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.108 Abstract （582）   HTML （52）    PDF （1033KB）（1440）       Knowledge map    Save Ethical review of animal experiments is based on factors such as the necessity of the experiment, its scientific validity, the professional competence of the experimenters, and research conditions, to determine the ethical permissibility of an animal experiment. Attitudes towards laboratory animals and animal experiments vary significantly due to differences in cultural traditions, religious beliefs, personality traits, and roles within the experimentation process. How animal experiment ethics can advance in tandem with the advancements of life sciences, while consistently providing forward-looking guidance and safeguarding fundamental ethics, is a subject that requires continuous exploration, practice, and research. Ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals has now become a widely accepted ethical consensus. However, attitudes and principles towards different types of animal experiments, and the methods to genuinely and effectively ensure the welfare quality of animals during live animal experiments, should be central to animal experiment ethics. Based on the deep integration of biotechnology in the field of laboratory animals, this paper considers the contribution of animal experimentation to the development of scientific ethical concepts. It systematically elucidates the special value of life in laboratory animals and their relationship with biosafety and ecological safety. It also outlines welfare quality assessment methods for different species of laboratory animals, demonstrating that the philosophical ideology of the value of life is the core of animal experiment ethics. The quality and significance of animal experiments determine the ethical level at which the value of life in laboratory animals is realized, and animal welfare technologies provide a robust ethical guarantee for animal experiments. The close integration of ethical theories with life sciences in laboratory animals is an objective requirement for animal experiment ethics. The value of life, animal welfare, and risk prevention collectively form the core elements of ethical review in animal experiments, serving as fundamental factors in improving the quality of ethical reviews and avoiding ethical deviations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microbiological Monitoring Analysis of Laboratory Rats and Mice from Vendors: Department of Laboratory Animal Science of Fudan University as an Example Ying HUANG, Siyu WEI, Li CAI, Sujing QIANG, Dongting LI, Yuqiang DING Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine    2023, 43 (4): 347-354.   DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.060 Abstract （503）   HTML （53）    PDF （1153KB）（1156）       Knowledge map    Save Objective Conduct routine microbiological monitoring of laboratory rats and mice from vendors to provide an important basis for the scientific management of laboratory animal facility and ensure the reliability of relevant experimental data obtained from laboratory animals. Methods Taking the Department of Laboratory Animal Science of Fudan University as an example, between April 2021 and April 2023, rats and mice purchased from 7 vendors were sampled for microbiological quality according to the principle of simple random sampling on the arrival days of animal delivery. Then, surveillance tests were conducted to examine the microbiological contaminations according to the national standards of SPF laboratory animals. Results The total qualified rate was 80.36%, with 52.63% in SD rat, 82.76% in inbred mice, 86.67% in outbred mice and 86.36% in immunodeficient mice in details. The most frequent bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsilla pneumoniae and Rodentibacter heylii, and their detection rates were 10.76%, 3.16%, 2.53% and 0.63%, respectively. Serological assays demonstrated the highest prevalence for virus was Sendai virus, and the detection rate was 2.53%. In addition to the pathogens those must be excluded from SPF rodents, Entamoeba muris and Enterobacter spp. were also detected in inbred mice, and Klebsiella oxytoca was detected in immunodeficient mice, with the detection rates of 1.15%, 2.30% and 4.55%, respectively. Conclusion There are certain incidences of pathogen infections in laboratory rats and mice from vendors, and an efficient microbiological monitoring of laboratory animals should be implemented in animal facilities, in order to eliminate pathogen infections in laboratory animals, which is required for improving the accuracy of research results and protecting the occupational health of laboratory animal practitioners as well. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics