自主神经调节剂对房颤模型大鼠心房电重塑及组织病理变化的影响

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.125

实验动物与比较医学 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 321-331.DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.125

自主神经调节剂对房颤模型大鼠心房电重塑及组织病理变化的影响

李嘉菲¹(), 张朕豪¹(), 王硕¹, 田歌¹, 温爽¹, 闫玉雪¹, 崔然¹, 叶振²()(), 崔永春¹()()

^1.北京协和医学院/中国医学科学院阜外医院(国家心血管病中心)动物实验中心, 异种器官移植北京市重点实验室, 北京 100037
^2.江苏省人民医院宿迁医院药学部, 宿迁 223800

收稿日期:2025-07-25 修回日期:2025-12-05 出版日期:2026-06-25 发布日期:2026-06-19
通讯作者:
叶振（1985—），男，硕士，副主任药师，研究方向：心血管疾病发病机制及干预靶点研究。E-mail：yezhen2018@126.com。ORCID：0009-0001-5238-2069

崔永春（1975—），女，博士，研究员，研究方向：心血管疾病基础研究。E-mail：cuiyongchun@fuwai.com。ORCID：0000-0002-7636-4244
作者简介:李嘉菲（2002—），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：心血管疾病基础研究。E-mail：jiafeili2022@163.com。ORCID：0009-0000-2555-1050
张朕豪（2001—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向：心血管疾病基础研究。E-mail：zhenhao2321@163.com。ORCID：0009-0006-5001-2140
基金资助:
宿迁市科技计划项目“自噬对房颤心肌细胞缝隙连接蛋白结构和功能重塑的作用及机制研究”(K202320/2023SQKJ01)

Effects of Autonomic Neuromodulators on Atrial Electrical Remodeling and Histopathological Changes in a Rat Model of Atrial Fibrillation

LI Jiafei¹(), ZHANG Zhenhao¹(), WANG Shuo¹, TIAN Ge¹, WEN Shuang¹, YAN Yuxue¹, CUI Ran¹, YE Zhen²()(), CUI Yongchun¹()()

^1.Beijing Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Animal Experimental Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
^2.Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Province (Suqian) Hospital, Suqian 223800, China

Received:2025-07-25 Revised:2025-12-05 Published:2026-06-25 Online:2026-06-19
Contact: YE Zhen (ORCID: 0009-0001-5238-2069), E-mail: yezhen2018@126.com
CUI Yongchun (ORCID: 0000-0002-7636-4244), E-mail: cuiyongchun@fuwai.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的明确自主神经调节剂［氯化钙（calcium chloride，CaCl?）-乙酰胆碱（acetylcholine，ACh）］对大鼠心房电重塑及组织病理变化的影响，为深入研究自主神经调节失衡诱发房颤的病理机制提供支持。方法 10只8周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组与对照组，每组5只。实验组每天尾静脉注射CaCl?-ACh混合溶液，持续28 d；对照组则注射等体积生理盐水。每天检测给药前后每只大鼠的体表心电图，给药28 d后经异氟烷吸入麻醉并行心脏超声检查。在异氟烷麻醉状态下放血法安乐死动物并取材，称量大鼠体重和心脏质量，并通过MappingLab多通道电生理标测系统监测大鼠离体心脏的房颤诱发率、电传导速度及离散度等电生理特征参数。HE染色后观察心房肌组织结构和炎症细胞浸润情况。蛋白质印迹法检测各组大鼠心房组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9（matrix metalloproteinase 9，MMP-9）和白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1 beta，IL-1β）的表达水平。Masson染色法定量分析胶原纤维和心肌纤维的比例分布，计算胶原纤维沉积面积，以评价心肌纤维化程度。麦胚凝集素（wheat-germ agglutinin，WGA）染色法评估心肌细胞形态学变化。二氢乙锭（dihydroethidium，DHE）染色法检测心房肌细胞的氧化应激水平。末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记（terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling，TUNEL）法检测心房细胞凋亡情况。结果与对照组相比，实验组大鼠出现明显的心律失常心电图谱。给药28 d后的超声显示，实验组大鼠的心房发生明显的结构重构，左心房前后径明显增大（P＜0.05），同时心脏也呈现功能障碍，左室射血分数和左室短轴缩短分数显著下降（P＜0.01）。与对照组相比，实验组大鼠心体比显著升高（P＜0.05），房颤诱发率明显增高（P＜0.001），心房电传导速度明显减慢（P＜0.05），传导等时图不均匀且方向不规律，传导离散度明显增大（P＜0.01）。HE染色显示，实验组大鼠心房肌细胞排列紊乱，存在少许炎症细胞浸润。蛋白质印迹显示，实验组大鼠心房肌组织中MMP-9和IL-1β表达水平显著上调（P＜0.05）。Masson染色显示，实验组大鼠心房组织中胶原沉积显著增加，纤维化面积显著增大（P＜0.001）。WGA染色显示，实验组大鼠心肌细胞较对照组明显肥大（P＜0.05）。DHE染色和TUNEL染色发现心房肌细胞的氧化应激水平（P＜0.001）和凋亡率（P＜0.01）都明显升高。结论连续28 d尾静脉注射自主神经调节剂CaCl?-ACh混合溶液可以成功诱导大鼠发生房颤，且模型大鼠的心房结构重构、电重构及氧化应激反应显著。

关键词: 自主神经调节剂, 心房颤动, 结构重构, 电重构, 氧化应激, 组织学变化, 大鼠

Abstract:

Objective To elucidate the effects of autonomic neuromodulators [calcium chloride (CaCl?)-acetylcholine (ACh)] on atrial electrical remodeling and histopathological changes in rats, thereby providing evidence for further investigation into the pathological mechanisms by which autonomic imbalance induces atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Ten 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 5 rats in each group. The experimental group received daily tail vein injections of a CaCl?-ACh mixed solution for 28 days, while the control group received an equal volume of saline. Surface electrocardiograms were recorded before and after daily administration. On day 28 of administration, under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia, echocardiography was performed, and then the rats were euthanized by exsanguination under isoflurane anesthesia for tissue collection. Body weight and heart weight of rats were measured, and electrophysiological parameters including AF inducibility, conduction velocity, and conduction dispersion in isolated rat hearts were monitored using the MappingLab multichannel electrophysiological mapping system. HE staining was performed to evaluate atrial tissue architecture and inflammatory cell infiltration. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were analyzed by Western blotting. Masson staining was used to quantitatively analyze the proportional distribution of collagen fibers and myocardial fibers, and to calculate the area of collagen deposition, thereby evaluating the degree of myocardial fibrosis. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining was used to evaluate morphological changes of cardiomyocytes. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was used to detect the level of oxidative stress in atrial myocytes. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect atrial cell apoptosis. Results Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed obvious arrhythmias on electrocardiograms. Echocardiography after 28 days of administration revealed significant structural remodeling in the experimental group, with a marked increase in left atrial anteroposterior diameter (P < 0.05), and also showed cardiac dysfunction, with significant decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a significantly increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio (P?<?0.05), a markedly higher AF inducibility (P?<?0.001), a significantly slowed atrial conduction velocity (P?<?0.05), an uneven isochronal map with irregular directions, and a significantly increased conduction dispersion (P?<?0.01). HE staining showed that atrial myocytes in the experimental group were disorganized, with slight inflammatory cell infiltration. Western blotting showed that the expression levels of MMP-9 and IL-1β in the atrial tissue of the experimental group were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). Masson staining showed a significant increase in collagen deposition and a significant increase in fibrosis area in the atrial tissue of the experimental group (P < 0.001). WGA staining showed that cardiomyocytes in the experimental group were significantly hypertrophied compared with the control group (P < 0.05). DHE staining and TUNEL staining revealed that the level of oxidative stress in atrial myocytes (P < 0.001) and the apoptotic rate (P < 0.01) were both significantly increased. Conclusion Daily tail vein injections of the autonomic neuromodulator CaCl?-ACh mixed solution for 28 days can successfully induce AF in rats, accompanied by significant atrial structural remodeling, electrical remodeling, and oxidative stress.

Key words: Autonomic neuromodulators, Atrial fibrillation, Structural remodeling, Electrical remodeling, Oxidative stress, Histological changes, Rats

中图分类号:

R-332
Q95-33

李嘉菲,张朕豪,王硕,等. 自主神经调节剂对房颤模型大鼠心房电重塑及组织病理变化的影响[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2026, 46(3): 321-331. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.125.

LI Jiafei,ZHANG Zhenhao,WANG Shuo,et al. Effects of Autonomic Neuromodulators on Atrial Electrical Remodeling and Histopathological Changes in a Rat Model of Atrial Fibrillation[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 321-331. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.125.

图/表 4

注：A，实验流程图；B，大鼠体表心电图的代表性图片；C，大鼠离体心脏单次50 Hz起搏2 s后的心电图，红框内为代表性心房颤动心电图谱；D~F，离体心脏电生理检测房颤诱发率、心房电传导速度和心房传导离散度（n=3）；G，左心房电活动传导代表性等时图（含传导时间和离散时间）。ECG，心电图；AF，房颤。与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^**P＜0.01。
">

图1 自主神经调节剂诱发大鼠心房电生理特征变化
注：A，实验流程图；B，大鼠体表心电图的代表性图片；C，大鼠离体心脏单次50 Hz起搏2 s后的心电图，红框内为代表性心房颤动心电图谱；D~F，离体心脏电生理检测房颤诱发率、心房电传导速度和心房传导离散度（n=3）；G，左心房电活动传导代表性等时图（含传导时间和离散时间）。ECG，心电图；AF，房颤。与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^**P＜0.01。

Figure 1 Autonomic neuromodulators induce changes in atrial electrophysiological characteristics in rats
Note： A， Experimental flowchart； B， Representative images of rat surface electrocardiograms； C， Electrocardiograms of isolated rat heart after a single 50 Hz burst pacing for 2 s， with the red box indicating a representative atrial fibrillation tracing； D-F， Ex vivo cardiac electrophysiological assessment of atrial fibrillation inducibility， atrial conduction velocity， and atrial conduction dispersion （n=3）； G， Representative isochronal maps of left atrial electrical activity conduction （including conduction time and dispersion）. ECG， electrocardiogram； AF， atrial fibrillation. ^*P < 0.05， ^**P < 0.01， compared with the control group.

表1 各组大鼠心脏超声检查指标比较 (x?±s)

Table 1 Comparison of echocardiographic parameters among groups of rats

参数 Parameter	对照组 Control group (n=5)	实验组 Experimental group (n=5)
LAD/mm	4.04±0.19	4.89±0.08^∗
LVEF/%	81.47±1.19	71.57±1.31^∗∗
FS/%	52.40±1.78	42.14±1.15^∗∗
LVEDD/mm	6.86±0.23	7.31±0.15
LVESD/mm	3.35±0.05	3.87±0.27

注：A，大鼠超声长轴切面（左图为B超图，右图为M超图）；B，HE染色（比例尺大小为3 mm）；C，大鼠心脏质量与体重的比值（n=5）；D，心肌组织中MMP-9和IL-1β蛋白质印迹结果；E，心肌组织MMP-9蛋白质印迹定量分析（n=3）；F，心肌组织IL-1β蛋白质印迹定量分析（n=3）；G，Masson染色（比例尺大小为60 μm）；H，心肌纤维化水平定量分析［每组2只大鼠共3张切片进行统计学分析（n=3）］。LAD，左房前后径；MMP-9，基质金属蛋白酶-9；IL-1β，白细胞介素-1β；GAPDH为内参蛋白。与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^***P＜0.001。
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图 2 自主神经调节剂诱发大鼠心房肌组织结构变化
注：A，大鼠超声长轴切面（左图为B超图，右图为M超图）；B，HE染色（比例尺大小为3 mm）；C，大鼠心脏质量与体重的比值（n=5）；D，心肌组织中MMP-9和IL-1β蛋白质印迹结果；E，心肌组织MMP-9蛋白质印迹定量分析（n=3）；F，心肌组织IL-1β蛋白质印迹定量分析（n=3）；G，Masson染色（比例尺大小为60 μm）；H，心肌纤维化水平定量分析［每组2只大鼠共3张切片进行统计学分析（n=3）］。LAD，左房前后径；MMP-9，基质金属蛋白酶-9；IL-1β，白细胞介素-1β；GAPDH为内参蛋白。与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^***P＜0.001。

Figure 2 Autonomic neuromodulators induce structural changes in rat atrial myocardium
Note： A， Long-axis section of a rat echocardiography （the left image is the B-mode ultrasound chart， and the right image is the M-mode ultrasound chart）； B， HE staining （scale bar： 3 mm）； C， Rat heart weight to body weight ratio （n=5）； D， Western blotting images of MMP-9 and IL-1β proteins in myocardial tissues； E， Quantitative analysis of MMP-9 protein expression in myocardial tissues （n=3）； F， Quantitative analysis of IL-1β protein expression in myocardial tissues （n=3）； G， Masson's staining （scale bar： 60 μm）； H， Quantitative analysis of myocardial fibrosis levels ［three sections from two rats per group were subjected to statistical analysis （n=3）］. LAD， left atrial anteroposterior diameter； MMP-9， matrix metalloproteinase 9； IL-1β， interleukin-1 beta； GAPDH is an internal control. ^*P < 0.05， ^***P < 0.001， compared with the control group.

注：A，心房肌细胞WGA染色代表性图片；B，心房肌组织DHE染色代表性图片及TUNEL染色代表性图片；C，心肌细胞横截面积定量分析；D，心房肌组织DHE染色的荧光强度定量分析；E，细胞凋亡率对比分析。WGA，麦胚凝集素；α-Actinin，α辅肌动蛋白；DHE，二氢乙锭；TUNEL，末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记；DAPI，4'，6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚。每组2只大鼠共3张切片进行统计学分析（n=3）；与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^**P＜0.01，^***P＜0.001。
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图 3 自主神经调节剂诱发大鼠心房肌细胞形态和氧化应激水平变化
注：A，心房肌细胞WGA染色代表性图片；B，心房肌组织DHE染色代表性图片及TUNEL染色代表性图片；C，心肌细胞横截面积定量分析；D，心房肌组织DHE染色的荧光强度定量分析；E，细胞凋亡率对比分析。WGA，麦胚凝集素；α-Actinin，α辅肌动蛋白；DHE，二氢乙锭；TUNEL，末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记；DAPI，4'，6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚。每组2只大鼠共3张切片进行统计学分析（n=3）；与对照组相比，^*P＜0.05，^**P＜0.01，^***P＜0.001。

Figure 3 Autonomic neuromodulators induce morphological and oxidative stress changes in rat atrial cardiomyocytes
Note： A， Representative images of WGA staining of atrial cardiomyocytes； B， Representative images of DHE staining and TUNEL staining of atrial myocardial tissues； C， Quantitative analysis of cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area； D， Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity of DHE staining in myocardial tissues； E， Comparative analysis of apoptosis rate. WGA， wheat-germ agglutinin； DHE， dihydroethidium； TUNEL， terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. DAPI， 4'，6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.Three sections from two rats per group were subjected to statistical analysis （n=3). ^*P < 0.05， ^**P < 0.01， ^***P < 0.001， vs the control group.

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自主神经调节剂对房颤模型大鼠心房电重塑及组织病理变化的影响

Effects of Autonomic Neuromodulators on Atrial Electrical Remodeling and Histopathological Changes in a Rat Model of Atrial Fibrillation

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