成年斑马鱼体肾的微细结构及其外泌体的分布鉴定

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070

实验动物与比较医学 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 531-540.DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070

成年斑马鱼体肾的微细结构及其外泌体的分布鉴定

林金杏¹()(), 王新栋²^,³, 白雪兵², 冯丽萍¹, 谢淑武¹, 陈秋生²()()

^1.上海实验动物研究中心, 上海 201203
^2.南京农业大学动物医学院, 南京 210095
^3.枝江市畜牧兽医服务中心, 宜昌 443200

收稿日期:2023-06-05 修回日期:2023-10-12 出版日期:2023-10-25 发布日期:2023-10-25
通讯作者: 陈秋生（1963—），男，博士，教授，研究方向：动物组织细胞形态及功能研究。E-mail: chenqsh305@njau.edu.cn。ORCID: 0000-0002-6087-7029
林金杏（1983—），女，博士，研究员，研究方向：水生实验动物生理功能及标准化研究。E-mail： linjinxing@slarc.org.cn。ORCID： 0000-0002-7649-9552；
作者简介:林金杏（1983—），女，博士，研究员，研究方向：水生实验动物生理功能及标准化研究。E-mail： linjinxing@slarc.org.cn。ORCID：0000-0002-7649-9552；
基金资助:
上海市科技计划项目“上海市水生实验动物专业技术服务平台”(22DZ2291200);上海市科研计划项目“斑马鱼器官形态参数完善与立体重构整合”(16140904300)

Fine Structure of the Trunk Kidney and Distribution of Its Secreted Exosomes in the Adult Zebrafish

Jinxing LIN¹()(), Xindong WANG²^,³, Xuebing BAI², Liping FENG¹, Shuwu XIE¹, Qiusheng CHEN²()()

^1.Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
^2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
^3.Zhijiang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Center, Yichang 443200, China

Received:2023-06-05 Revised:2023-10-12 Published:2023-10-25 Online:2023-10-25
Correspondence to: CHEN Qiusheng （ORCID： 0000-0002-6087-7029）， E-mail：chenqsh305@njau.edu.cn
LIN Jinxing (ORCID: 0000-0002-7649-9552), E-mail:linjinxing@slarc.org.cn;

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的观察和分析斑马鱼体肾的微细结构，并对其分泌的外泌体进行分离鉴定。方法应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术系统观察斑马鱼体肾的显微结构和超微结构，用纳米颗粒跟踪分析（nanoparticle tracking analysis，NTA）技术检测外泌体粒径大小。结果斑马鱼体肾紧贴并平行于脊椎，肾单位由肾小管和肾小体组成，其中肾小管可细分为近曲小管、远曲小管及颈段3种类型，肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊构成；经高碘酸-希夫（periodic acid-Schiff，PAS）染色后，可见近曲小管富含糖原颗粒，其游离面有明显的刷状缘结构。透射电子显微镜下，在肾小管的管腔观察到外泌体分布，上皮细胞游离面的胞质有少量多囊泡体和大量的晚期内涵体分布，肾小管的顶端和肾小球足细胞中亦观察到少量多囊泡体分布。通过CD9、CD63和TSG101免疫组织化学和免疫荧光检测显示，多囊泡体及其外泌体在肾小管管腔的游离面高表达，在肾小体和管腔内表达较弱。NTA和透射电子显微镜观察结果显示，分离获得的斑马鱼体肾外泌体呈茶托状，粒径众数为144.4 nm，符合外泌体形态和直径大小特征。结论斑马鱼体肾具有哺乳动物肾脏的典型结构，为体内的泌尿器官。肾小管具有分泌外泌体的能力，其形成是多囊泡体向细胞游离面释放到胞外的过程。本研究结果为水生实验动物泌尿器官的功能研究及相关模型的开发应用奠定了形态学基础。

关键词: 斑马鱼, 体肾, 外泌体, 多囊泡体

Abstract:

Objective To observe the fine structure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish, and to identify its secreted exosomes. Methods The microstructure and ultrastructure of the trunk kidney in zebrafish were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy, and the particle size of exosomes was detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Results The trunk kidney was close and parallel to the spine in adult zebrafish. The nephron consisted of renal tubules and renal corpuscles. The renal tubules could be further divided into three types: proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and cervical segments. The renal corpuscles were composed of glomerulus and renal capsules. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining results revealed that there were abundant glycogen granules in the proximal convoluted tubules, with brush-like outline in the apical surface of epithelial cells. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), there were exosomes distributed in the lumen of renal tubules, with numerous late endosomes and few number of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells concentrating on the apical side. Meanwhile, MVBs were also distributed in the apical regions of the renal tubules and the podocytes of the renal glomeruli. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that CD9, CD63 and TSG101 were strongly expressed in the lumen surface of the renal tubules, but weakly expressed in the corpuscles and lumen. NTA and TEM results showed that the exosomes isolated from zebrafish trunk kidney were saucer-like outline, and the particle size mode was 144.4 nm, which was consistent with the characteristics of morphological futures of exosome. Conclusion The zebrafish somatic kidney has the typical structure of the mammalian kidney and is the urinary organ in the body. The renal tubules have the ability to secrete exosomes, and their formation is a process of releasing poly-vesicles to the free surface of epithelial cells into the extracellular space. This study laid a morphological foundation for further study of exosomes in urinary function in aquatic experimental animals as well as the development and application of related models.

Key words: Zebrafish, Trunk kidney, Exosome, Multivesicular body

中图分类号:

Q95-33

林金杏,王新栋,白雪兵,等. 成年斑马鱼体肾的微细结构及其外泌体的分布鉴定[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2023, 43(5): 531-540. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070.

Jinxing LIN,Xindong WANG,Xuebing BAI,et al. Fine Structure of the Trunk Kidney and Distribution of Its Secreted Exosomes in the Adult Zebrafish[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2023, 43(5): 531-540. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.070.

图/表 5

注：A，斑马鱼肾脏在体内的位置；B，斑马鱼体肾的背侧面；C，斑马鱼体肾的腹侧面。标尺大小为1 mm。PN，头肾；MsN，中肾；MtN，后肾；V，静脉。
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图1 体视显微镜下观察到的成年斑马鱼肾脏解剖形态
注：A，斑马鱼肾脏在体内的位置；B，斑马鱼体肾的背侧面；C，斑马鱼体肾的腹侧面。标尺大小为1 mm。PN，头肾；MsN，中肾；MtN，后肾；V，静脉。

Figure 1 Anatomical structure of the kidney in adult zebrafish by stereomicroscope
Note：A， The position of kidney in zebrafish； B， Dorsal view of the trunk kidney in zebrafish； C， Ventral view of the trunk kidney in zebrafish. The scale is 1 mm. PN， Pronephros； MsN， Mesonephros； MtN， Metanephros； V， Vein.

注：A，斑马鱼体肾纵切面形态结构，标尺大小为500 μm；B，斑马鱼体肾横切面形态结构，标尺大小为100 μm；C，斑马鱼肾小管形态结构，标尺大小为20 μm；D，斑马鱼肾小管分为近曲小管、远曲小管和颈段，标尺大小为20 μm；E，斑马鱼肾小体的形态结构，标尺大小为20 μm；F，近曲小管PAS反应呈阳性，肾小体PAS反应呈阴性，标尺大小为50 μm；G，近曲小管上皮细胞内富含糖原颗粒，游离端刷状缘清晰可见，标尺大小为20 μm。Ar，动脉；BE，刷状缘；TK，体肾；Ca，被膜；Ci，纤毛；CS，颈段；CSp，肾小囊腔；DC，远曲小管；Ec，红细胞；Gl：糖原颗粒；Mc，黑色素细胞；Pc，足细胞；PCT，近曲小管；PEC，壁层上皮细胞；RC，肾小体；S，脊柱；SB，鳔；SC，脊髓；V，静脉。
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图2 HE染色（A～E）和PAS染色（F～G）后观察到的斑马鱼体肾的显微结构
注：A，斑马鱼体肾纵切面形态结构，标尺大小为500 μm；B，斑马鱼体肾横切面形态结构，标尺大小为100 μm；C，斑马鱼肾小管形态结构，标尺大小为20 μm；D，斑马鱼肾小管分为近曲小管、远曲小管和颈段，标尺大小为20 μm；E，斑马鱼肾小体的形态结构，标尺大小为20 μm；F，近曲小管PAS反应呈阳性，肾小体PAS反应呈阴性，标尺大小为50 μm；G，近曲小管上皮细胞内富含糖原颗粒，游离端刷状缘清晰可见，标尺大小为20 μm。Ar，动脉；BE，刷状缘；TK，体肾；Ca，被膜；Ci，纤毛；CS，颈段；CSp，肾小囊腔；DC，远曲小管；Ec，红细胞；Gl：糖原颗粒；Mc，黑色素细胞；Pc，足细胞；PCT，近曲小管；PEC，壁层上皮细胞；RC，肾小体；S，脊柱；SB，鳔；SC，脊髓；V，静脉。

Figure 2 Microstructure of trunk kidney in the zebrafish detected by HE staining (A-E) and periodic acid-Schiff staining（F-G)
Note：A, Morphological structure of zebrafish kidney in longitudinal section, the scale is 500 μm; B, Morphological structure of zebrafish kidney in cross section, the scale is 100 μm; C,Morphological structure of renal tubules of zebrafish, the scale is 20 μm; D, The renal tubules of zebrafish were divided into proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and cervical segments, the scale is 20 μm; E, Morphological structure of renal corpuscle, the scale is 20 μm; F, PAS reaction was positive in proximal convoluted tubules while negative in renal corpuscles, the scale is 50 μm; G, The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule were rich in glycogen particles, which were showed brush-like outline on the apical surface of the epithelial cells, the scale is 20 μm. Ar, Artery; BE, Brush-like edge; TK, Trunk kidney; Ca, Capsule; Ci, Cilia; CS, Cervical segment; CSp, Capsular space; DC, Distal convoluted tubule; Ec, Erythrocyte; Gl, Glycogen; Mc, Melanocyte; Pc, Podocyte; PCT, Proximal convoluted tubule; PEC, Parietal epithelial cell; RC, Renal corpuscle; S, Spine; SB, Swim bladder; SC, Spinal cord; V, Vein.

注：A，近曲小管的上皮细胞富含线粒体和糖原，游离端可见大量的晚期内涵体分布，标尺大小为1 μm；B，近曲小管游离端的刷状缘结构明显，呈栅栏状紧密排列，标尺大小为1 μm；C，肾小管的顶端有多囊泡体分布，标尺大小为1 μm；D，肾小球的足细胞足突结构明显，有多囊泡体分布，标尺大小为500 nm。A'、B'、C'和D'分别为A、B、C和D中方框处的放大图。BE，刷状缘；GBM，肾小球基底膜；DS，细胞桥粒；Exo，外泌体；ER，内质网；FP，足突；Gl，糖原颗粒；LE，晚期内涵体；LD，脂滴；M，线粒体；MVB，多囊泡体；N，细胞核；PB，足细胞胞体；SP，裂孔；Tb，管腔。
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图3 透射电子显微镜下观察到的斑马鱼体肾的超微结构
注：A，近曲小管的上皮细胞富含线粒体和糖原，游离端可见大量的晚期内涵体分布，标尺大小为1 μm；B，近曲小管游离端的刷状缘结构明显，呈栅栏状紧密排列，标尺大小为1 μm；C，肾小管的顶端有多囊泡体分布，标尺大小为1 μm；D，肾小球的足细胞足突结构明显，有多囊泡体分布，标尺大小为500 nm。A'、B'、C'和D'分别为A、B、C和D中方框处的放大图。BE，刷状缘；GBM，肾小球基底膜；DS，细胞桥粒；Exo，外泌体；ER，内质网；FP，足突；Gl，糖原颗粒；LE，晚期内涵体；LD，脂滴；M，线粒体；MVB，多囊泡体；N，细胞核；PB，足细胞胞体；SP，裂孔；Tb，管腔。

Figure 3 Ultrastructure of trunk kidney in zebrafish observed by transmission electron microscope
Note：A, The epithelial cells of convoluted tubule contained mitochondria and glycogen with abundant late endosomes in the apical surface, the scale is 1 μm; B, The brush-like structure at the free-end of the proximal convoluted tubule was clearly visible and arranged in a palisade shape, the scale is 1 μm; C, There were multiple vesicles distributed at the top-end of epithelial cells in the renal tubule, the scale is 1 μm; D, The structure of podocytes in the glomerulus was obvious, with multiple vesicles distributed, the scale is 500 nm. A', B', C' and D' were enlarged figures at the boxes in A, B, C and D, respectively. BE, Brush-like edge; GBM, Glomerular basement membrane; DS, Desmosome; Exo, Exosome; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum; FP, Foot process; Gl, Glycogen; LE, Late endosome; LD, Lipid droplets; M, Mitochondria; MVB, Multivesicular body; N, Nucleus; PB, Podocyte cell body; SP, Slit pore; Tb, Tube.

注：A为免疫组织化学法（DAB染色）检测的阴性对照；B~D分别显示免疫组织化学检测CD9、CD63、TSG101在体肾中的分布情况（黑色短箭头示阳性反应，B′为B图中白色箭头所指处的放大图）；E，CD63和TSG101免疫荧光（IF）法（DAPI染色）进一步检测CD63和TSG101在斑马鱼体肾中广泛分布，其中肾小管游离面（白色短箭头示）分布最为明显。标尺大小均为10 μm。
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图4 免疫组织化学（A～D）和免疫荧光（E）检测斑马鱼体肾中CD9、CD63和TSG101蛋白表达
注：A为免疫组织化学法（DAB染色）检测的阴性对照；B~D分别显示免疫组织化学检测CD9、CD63、TSG101在体肾中的分布情况（黑色短箭头示阳性反应，B′为B图中白色箭头所指处的放大图）；E，CD63和TSG101免疫荧光（IF）法（DAPI染色）进一步检测CD63和TSG101在斑马鱼体肾中广泛分布，其中肾小管游离面（白色短箭头示）分布最为明显。标尺大小均为10 μm。

Figure 4 Immunohistochemistry （A-D） and immunofluorescence （E） of CD9、CD63 and TSG101 in the trunk kidney of zebrafish
Note：A, Negative control of immunohistochemistry (DAB stain); B-D, Distribution of CD9, CD63 and TSG101 in the trunk kidney, respectively, and black short arrows showed positive reactions. The figure B' was the enlarged figure pointed by the white arrow of figure B: E, CD63 and TSG101 were widely distributed in the trunk kidney of zebrafish by immunofluorescence (IF) method (DAPI stain), particularly abundant in the apical surface of renal tubules (white short arrows). All of cale bars are 10 μm.

注：A，斑马鱼体肾外泌体强度/粒径散点图；B，斑马鱼体肾外泌体平均浓度/粒径分布图；C，分离提取的斑马鱼体肾外泌体超微结构。
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图5 纳米颗粒跟踪分析技术（A～B）和透射电子显微镜（C）鉴定成年斑马鱼的体肾外泌体
注：A，斑马鱼体肾外泌体强度/粒径散点图；B，斑马鱼体肾外泌体平均浓度/粒径分布图；C，分离提取的斑马鱼体肾外泌体超微结构。

Figure 5 The trunk kidney exosomes in the adult zebrafish identified by nanoparticle tracking analysis （A-B） and transmission electron microscopy （C）
Note：A， Scatter diagram of exosome strength/particle size in the trunk kidney of zebrafish； B， Distribution diagram of average exosome concentration/particle size in the trunk kidney of zebrafish； C， Ultrastructure of the trunk kidney exosome in zebrafish.

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成年斑马鱼体肾的微细结构及其外泌体的分布鉴定

Fine Structure of the Trunk Kidney and Distribution of Its Secreted Exosomes in the Adult Zebrafish

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