寒冷环境对胃肠爆震复合伤模型比格犬的病理生理影响

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.179

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探讨寒冷环境对犬腹部胃肠爆震伤后病理生理变化的影响。方法选用8只健康普通级成年雄性比格犬，随机分为寒冷组与常温组，每组4只。术前，比格犬禁食、禁水12 h；建立耳缘静脉建立后，采用微量注射泵持续输注丙泊酚（2 mg·kg^-1·min^-1）维持麻醉，行气管插管，保留自主呼吸，将脑电双频指数维持在40～60以确保麻醉稳定性。通过战创伤多功能造模平台建立比格犬腹部胃肠爆震伤模型，寒冷组犬爆震后暴露于-20 ℃低温舱并联合10%体表面积冰水浸泡40 min；常温组爆震后置于（25±2）℃环境40 min。监测两组比格犬在爆震前、爆震后即时以及爆震后40 min的心率、血压、血氧饱和度等生理指标，并检测动脉血气指标（包括pH、动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、实际碳酸氢根、乳酸和全血碱剩余）；实验结束后采集胃肠组织（胃窦部胃组织和距十二指肠悬韧带5 cm处的空肠上段），采用HE染色结合半定量评分进行病理分析。结果生理指标显示，寒冷组比格犬体温显著低于常温组（P＜0.01），心率以及收缩压均显著高于常温组（P＜0.000 1）；动脉血二氧化碳分压显著高于常温组（P＜0.000 1），全血碱剩余显著低于常温组（P＜0.000 1），提示寒冷组存在更严重的呼吸性酸中毒和代谢性酸中毒。病理分析显示，寒冷组胃肠组织损伤较常温组明显加重，胃黏膜上皮脱落率＞60%（常温组＜25%），小肠绒毛顶端上皮坏死率达70%以上（常温组＜30%），炎症细胞浸润累及黏膜下层（常温组局限于黏膜浅层），半定量评分结果与病理分析结果一致，进一步证实寒冷环境可加剧腹部胃肠爆震伤引起的胃肠组织损伤。结论寒冷环境可加剧爆震伤后比格犬的循环功能紊乱以及胃肠组织损伤，为寒冷地区战创伤早期复温干预提供了实验依据。

关键词: 寒冷环境, 胃肠组织, 爆震伤, 复合伤, 比格犬

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the impact of a cold environment on the pathophysiological changes in dogs after abdominal gastrointestinal blast injury. Methods Eight healthy common-grade adult male Beagles were selected and randomly divided into a cold group and a normal temperature group, with 4 dogs in each group. Prior to surgery, Beagles dogs were fasted and deprived of water for 12 hours; after establishing a vein at the edge of the ear, propofol （2 mg·kg^-1·min^-1） was continuously infused using a microinfusion pump to maintain anesthesia. Tracheal intubation was performed while preserving spontaneous breathing, and the electroencephalogram bifrequency index was maintained at 40-60 to ensure stable anesthesia. A model of abdominal gastrointestinal blast injury in Beagle dogs was established using a multifunctional combat trauma modeling platform. After blast injury, the cold group was exposed to a cold chamber at -20 ℃ combined with 10% body surface area ice water immersion for 40 min, while the normal temperature group was kept in an environment at (25±2) ℃ for 40 min after blast injury. Vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and blood oxygen saturation were monitored in both groups before blast injury, immediately after blast injury, and 40 min after blast injury. And arterial blood gas parameters, including pH, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO₂), partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO₂), actual bicarbonate radical (HCO₃^-), lactic acid (Lac), and blood base excess (BEb), were measured. After the experiment, gastrointestinal tissues (gastric antrum and upper jejunum 5 cm distal to the suspensory ligament of the duodenum) were harvested for pathological analysis via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining combined with semi-quantitative scoring. Results Physiological indicators showed that the body temperature of the cold group was significantly lower than that of the normal temperature group (P<0.01), and the heart rate and systolic blood pressure of the cold group were significantly higher than those of the normal temperature group (P<0.000 1). PaCO₂ was markedly elevated and BEb was markedly decreased in the cold group relative to the normal temperature group (P<0.000 1), suggesting aggravated respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Pathological analysis showed that gastro-intestinal tissue damage was more severe in the cold group: the gastric mucosal epithelial shedding rate was > 60% (vs. <25% in the normal temperature group), the necrosis rate of the epithelial cells at the tips of intestinal villi reached more than 70% (vs. < 30% in the normal temperature group), and inflammatory cell infiltration involved the submucosa (vs. limited to the superficial mucosa in the normal temperature group). The semi-quantitative scoring results were consistent with the pathological analysis results, further confirming that the cold environment exacerbated gastrointestinal tissue damage caused by abdominal gastrointestinal blast injury. Conclusion A cold environment can exacerbate circulatory dysfunction and gastrointestinal tissue damage in Beagle dogs after blast injury, providing experimental evidence for early rewarming intervention for combat trauma in cold regions.

Key words: Cold environment, Gastrointestinal tissue, Blast injury, Combined injury, Beagle dogs

中图分类号:

R-332

宫田田,王馨培,郭天革,等. 寒冷环境对胃肠爆震复合伤模型比格犬的病理生理影响[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2026, 46(4): 507-514. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.179.

GONG Tiantian,WANG Xinpei,GUO Tiange,et al. Pathophysiological Effects of Cold Environment on Gastrointestinal Blast Combined Injury in Beagle Dogs[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(4): 507-514. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.179.

图/表 5

表1 胃肠组织损伤半定量评分标准

Table 1 Semi-quantitative scoring standard for gastrointestinal tissue injury

评估维度 Assessment dimension	0分（正常） 0 points （Normal）	1分（轻度损伤） 1 point （Mild injury）	2分（中度损伤） 2 points （Moderate injury）	3分（重度损伤） 3 points （Severe injury）
黏膜完整性 Mucosal integrity	结构完整、无破损	局灶性黏膜破损	多处黏膜破损	大面积破损、黏膜下层裸露
上皮细胞脱落情况 Epithelial cell desquamation status	排列整齐、无脱落	局灶性脱落	片状脱落	大面积脱落
炎症细胞浸润情况 Inflammatory cell infiltration status	无或有少量固有层淋巴细胞	黏膜浅层局灶性浸润	黏膜全层片状浸润	黏膜和黏膜下层广泛浸润
固有层水肿情况 Lamina propria edema status	结构清晰、无水肿	轻度水肿	中度水肿	结构紊乱、重度水肿
细胞坏死情况 Cell necrosis status	无坏死细胞	个别上皮细胞坏死	局部细胞坏死	大片细胞坏死

注：T，体温；HR，心率；SO?，血氧饱和度；SBP，收缩压；DBP，舒张压。与常温组相比，^nsP>0.05，^**P<0.01，^****P<0.000 1。
">

图1 常温组与寒冷组比格犬爆震前、爆震后即时以及爆震后40 min基本生理指标的比较
注：T，体温；HR，心率；SO?，血氧饱和度；SBP，收缩压；DBP，舒张压。与常温组相比，^nsP>0.05，^**P<0.01，^****P<0.000 1。

Figure 1 Comparison of basic physiological indicators of Beagle dogs in the normal temperature group and cold group before blast， immediately after blast and 40 min after blast
Note： T， body temperature； HR， heart rate； SO?， peripheral blood oxygen saturation； SBP， systolic blood pressure； DBP， diastolic blood pressure. Compared with normal temperature group， ^nsP>0.05， ^**P<0.01， ^****P<0.000 1.

注：PaO₂，动脉血氧分压；PaCO₂，动脉血二氧化碳分压；HCO₃^-，实际碳酸氢根；Lac，乳酸；BEb，全血碱剩余。与常温组相比，^nsP>0.05，^****P<0.000 1。
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图2 常温组与寒冷组比格犬爆震前、爆震后即时以及爆震后40 min血气相关指标的比较
注：PaO₂，动脉血氧分压；PaCO₂，动脉血二氧化碳分压；HCO₃^-，实际碳酸氢根；Lac，乳酸；BEb，全血碱剩余。与常温组相比，^nsP>0.05，^****P<0.000 1。

Figure 2 Comparison of blood gas-related indicators of Beagle dogs in the normal temperature group and cold group before blast， immediately after blast and 40 min after blast
Note： PaO₂， partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood； PaCO₂， partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood； HCO₃^-， actual bicarbonate radical； Lac， lactic acid； BEb， blood base excess. Compared with normal temperature group， ^nsP>0.05， ^****P<0.000 1.

注：A，寒冷组胃组织切片；B，常温组胃组织切片；C，寒冷组小肠组织切片；D，常温组小肠组织切片。第一列标尺为100 μm，第二列标尺为20 μm。
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图3 常温组与寒冷组比格犬胃肠组织的HE染色图
注：A，寒冷组胃组织切片；B，常温组胃组织切片；C，寒冷组小肠组织切片；D，常温组小肠组织切片。第一列标尺为100 μm，第二列标尺为20 μm。

Figure 3 HE-stained images of gastrointestinal tissue of Beagle dogs in the normal temperature group and cold group
Note： A， gastric tissue section of the cold group； B， gastric tissue section of the normal temperature group； C， small intestinal tissue section of the cold group； D， small intestinal tissue section of the normal temperature group. The scale bars in the first and second columns are 100 μm and 20 μm， respectively.

表2 常温组与寒冷组比格犬的胃肠组织损伤半定量评分

Table 2 Semi-quantitative scoring of gastrointestinal tissue injury in Beagle dogs of normal temperature group and cold group

检测指标 Detection indicators		常温组 Normal temperature group				寒冷组 Cold group
检测指标 Detection indicators		A1	A2	A3	A4	C1	C2	C3	C4
胃组织 Gastric tissue	黏膜完整性 Mucosal integrity	3	1	2	2	2	3	2	3
	上皮细胞脱落情况 Epithelial cell desquamation status	2	2	3	1	3	2	3	2
	炎症细胞浸润情况 Inflammatory cell infiltration status	1	2	3	2	3	3	2	3
	固有层水肿情况 Lamina propria edema status	2	1	2	1	3	2	3	3
	细胞坏死情况 Cell necrosis status	1	2	1	3	2	3	2	3
	总分 Total score	9	8	11	9	13	13	12	14
	$x ¯ ± s$	9.25±1.26				13.00±0.82*
小肠组织 Small intestinal tissue	黏膜完整性 Mucosal integrity	2	3	2	2	3	3	3	3
	上皮细胞脱落情况 Epithelial cell desquamation status	2	1	3	2	3	3	3	3
	炎症细胞浸润情况 Inflammatory cell infiltration status	3	2	2	3	3	2	2	3
	固有层水肿情况 Lamina propria edema status	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3
	细胞坏死情况 Cell necrosis status	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3
	总分 Total score	11	11	12	12	15	14	13	15
	$x ¯ ± s$	11.5±0.56				14.25±0.96^*

表2 常温组与寒冷组比格犬的胃肠组织损伤半定量评分

Table 2 Semi-quantitative scoring of gastrointestinal tissue injury in Beagle dogs of normal temperature group and cold group

检测指标 Detection indicators		常温组 Normal temperature group				寒冷组 Cold group
检测指标 Detection indicators		A1	A2	A3	A4	C1	C2	C3	C4
胃组织 Gastric tissue	黏膜完整性 Mucosal integrity	3	1	2	2	2	3	2	3
	上皮细胞脱落情况 Epithelial cell desquamation status	2	2	3	1	3	2	3	2
	炎症细胞浸润情况 Inflammatory cell infiltration status	1	2	3	2	3	3	2	3
	固有层水肿情况 Lamina propria edema status	2	1	2	1	3	2	3	3
	细胞坏死情况 Cell necrosis status	1	2	1	3	2	3	2	3
	总分 Total score	9	8	11	9	13	13	12	14
	$x ¯ ± s$	9.25±1.26				13.00±0.82*
小肠组织 Small intestinal tissue	黏膜完整性 Mucosal integrity	2	3	2	2	3	3	3	3
	上皮细胞脱落情况 Epithelial cell desquamation status	2	1	3	2	3	3	3	3
	炎症细胞浸润情况 Inflammatory cell infiltration status	3	2	2	3	3	2	2	3
	固有层水肿情况 Lamina propria edema status	2	3	3	3	3	3	2	3
	细胞坏死情况 Cell necrosis status	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3
	总分 Total score	11	11	12	12	15	14	13	15
	$x ¯ ± s$	11.5±0.56				14.25±0.96^*

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