Recent Advances of Animal Models of Renal Interstitial Fibrosis

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.171

Abstract

Abstract:

Renal interstitial fibrosis is a common pathway in the progression of many renal diseases. Whether it is chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury that cannot be fully recovered, the progression process mostly enters end-stage renal failure after renal interstitial fibrosis. The animal model of renal interstitial fibrosis is an important research tool for exploring the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis and new diagnostic and treatment methods. Different animal models have their own characteristics. Researchers can establish different models based on their own experience and experimental purposes, and carry out scientific research on this basis to provide more new methods for the prevention and treatment of kidney diseases. The authors focused on several common animal models of renal interstitial fibrosis to provide the reference for related researchers, including surgical models induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, 5/6 nephrectomy, and microembolization; chemical models induced by cyclosporine A, adriamycin, aristolochic acid, mercuric chloride（HgCl₂）, gentamicin, cisplatin, and adenine; transgenic hybridization and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) induced transgenic modification model; composite model induced by bilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (BIRI) combined with gentamicin, unilateral nephrectomy combined with angiotensin II (Ang II), and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI) combined with pLVX-shTNC plasmid.

Key words: Renal interstitial fibrosis, Animal model, Chronic kidney disease, Acute kidney injury

CLC Number:

R-332

Can LAI,Lele LI,Tala HU,et al. Recent Advances of Animal Models of Renal Interstitial Fibrosis[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2023, 43(2): 163-172. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2022.171.

References 69

1	LIU X Y, ZHANG X B, ZHAO Y F, et al. Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine intervention in renal interstitial fibrosis[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:900491. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.900491 .
2	SZETO H H. Pharmacologic approaches to improve mitochondrial function in AKI and CKD[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2017, 28(10):2856-2865. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2017030247 .
3	ZEISBERG M, KALLURI R. Physiology of the renal interstitium[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2015, 10(10):1831-1840. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.00640114 .
4	MUÑOZ-FÉLIX J M, MARTÍNEZ-SALGADO C. Dissecting the involvement of ras GTPases in kidney fibrosis[J]. Genes, 2021, 12(6):800. DOI: 10.3390/genes12060800 .
5	MARTÍNEZ-SALGADO C, SÁNCHEZ-JUANES F, LÓPEZ-HERNÁNDEZ F J, et al. Endothelial activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) regulates myofibroblast emergence and peritubular capillary stability in the early stages of kidney fibrosis[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2022, 13:843732. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843732 .
6	GBD CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE COLLABORATION. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990‒2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10225):709-733. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3 .
7	ZHOU J Q, JIANG H. Livin is involved in TGF-β1-induced renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition through lncRNA-ATB[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2019, 7(18):463. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.08.29 .
8	MARTÍNEZ-KLIMOVA E, APARICIO-TREJO O E, TAPIA E, et al. Unilateral ureteral obstruction as a model to investigate fibrosis-attenuating treatments[J]. Biomolecules, 2019, 9(4):141. DOI: 10.3390/biom9040141 .
9	SONG J, LIU J, LUO J, et al. A modified relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction model[J]. Ren Fail, 2019, 41(1):497-506. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2019.1624263 .
10	KUMAR R, SONI H, AFOLABI J M, et al. Induction of reactive oxygen species by mechanical stretch drives endothelin production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells[J]. Redox Biol, 2022, 55:102394. DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102394 .
11	KLINKHAMMER B M, BUCHTLER S, DJUDJAJ S, et al. Current kidney function parameters overestimate kidney tissue repair in reversible experimental kidney disease[J]. Kidney Int, 2022, 102(2):307-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022. 02.039 .
12	SONG J, XIA Y Y, YAN X, et al. Losartan accelerates the repair process of renal fibrosis in UUO mouse after the surgical recanalization by upregulating the expression of Tregs[J]. Int Urol Nephrol, 2019, 51(11):2073-2081. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02253-8 .
13	NARVÁEZ BARROS A, GUITERAS R, SOLA A, et al. Reversal unilateral ureteral obstruction: a mice experimental model[J]. Nephron, 2019, 142(2):125-134. DOI: 10.1159/000497119 .
14	BASILE D P, DONOHOE D L, ROETHE K, et al. Chronic renal hypoxia after acute ischemic injury: effects of L-arginine on hypoxia and secondary damage[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2003, 284(2): F338-F348. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00169.2002 .
15	YANG L, BESSCHETNOVA T Y, BROOKS C R, et al. Epithelial cell cycle arrest in G2/M mediates kidney fibrosis after injury[J]. Nat Med, 2010, 16(5):535-543, 143. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2144 .
16	陈国晓, 刘修恒, 张祥生, 等. 臭氧氧化后处理对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用[J]. 中国现代医学杂志, 2017, 27(9): 19-24. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.09.004 .
	CHEN G X, LIU X H, ZHANG X S, et al. Ozone oxidative post-conditioning protects rat kidney from ischemia reperfusion injury[J]. China J Mod Med, 2017, 27(9): 19-24. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.09.004 .
17	SATO Y, YANAGITA M. Immune cells and inflammation in AKI to CKD progression[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2018, 315(6): F1501-F1512. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00195.2018 .
18	LIU B C, TANG T T, LV L L, et al. Renal tubule injury: a driving force toward chronic kidney disease[J]. Kidney Int, 2018, 93(3):568-579. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.033 .
19	ZHENG Z H, LI C L, SHAO G Z, et al. Hippo-YAP/MCP-1 mediated tubular maladaptive repair promote inflammation in renal failed recovery after ischemic AKI[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2021, 12(8):754. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04041-8 .
20	LE CLEF N, VERHULST A, D'HAESE P C, et al. Unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion as a robust model for acute to chronic kidney injury in mice[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(3): e0152153. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152153 .
21	HESKETH E E, CZOPEK A, CLAY M, et al. Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury: a mouse model of injury and regeneration[J]. J Vis Exp, 2014(88): e51816. DOI: 10.3791/51816 .
22	许辉, 刘惺, 宁旺斌, 等. HIF-1α在5/6肾切除大鼠慢性肾纤维化模型中的表达[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2009, 34(4):308-312.
	XU H, LIU X, NING W B, et al. Expression of HIF-1α in 5/6-nephrectomized rat models of chronic kidney fibrosis[J]. J Central South Univ Med Sci, 2009, 34(4):308-312.
23	KIM K, ANDERSON E M, THOME T, et al. Skeletal myopathy in CKD: a comparison of adenine-induced nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomy models in mice[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2021, 321(1): F106-F119. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00117.2021 .
24	WANG X L, CHAUDHRY M A, NIE Y, et al. A mouse 5/6th nephrectomy model that induces experimental uremic cardiomyopathy[J]. J Vis Exp, 2017(129):55825. DOI: 10.3791/55825 .
25	TAN R Z, ZHONG X, LI J C, et al. An optimized 5/6 nephrectomy mouse model based on unilateral kidney ligation and its application in renal fibrosis research[J]. Ren Fail, 2019, 41(1):555-566. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2019.1627220 .
26	KIMURA M, SUZUKI T, HISHIDA A. A rat model of progressive chronic renal failure produced by microembolism[J]. Am J Pathol, 1999, 155(4):1371-1380. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65239-X .
27	BERSANI-AMADO L E, ROCHA B A DA, SCHNEIDER L C L, et al. Nephropathy induced by renal microembolism: a characterization of biochemical and histopathological changes in rats[J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2019, 12(6):2311-2323.
28	ROSEN S, GREENFELD Z, BREZIS M. Chronic cyclosporine-induced nephropathy in the rat. A medullary ray and inner stripe injury[J]. Transplantation, 1990, 49(2):445-452.DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199002000-00041 .
29	LIM S W, DOH K C, JIN L, et al. Ginseng treatment attenuates autophagic cell death in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy[J]. Nephrology (Carlton), 2014, 19(8):490-499. DOI: 10.1111/nep.12273 .
30	CAIRES A, FERNANDES G S, LEME A M, et al. Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists protect the kidney against the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine-a in normotensive and hypertensive rats[J]. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2017, 51(2): e6373. DOI: 10.1590/1414-431X20176373 .
31	AMADOR C A, BERTOCCHIO J P, ANDRE-GREGOIRE G, et al. Deletion of mineralocorticoid receptors in smooth muscle cells blunts renal vascular resistance following acute cyclosporine administration[J]. Kidney Int, 2016, 89(2):354-362. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.312 .
32	HOUÉE-LÉVIN C, BOBROWSKI K, HORAKOVA L, et al. Exploring oxidative modifications of tyrosine: an update on mechanisms of formation, advances in analysis and biological consequences[J]. Free Radic Res, 2015, 49(4):347-373. DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1007968 .
33	WEI Z H, XUE Y R, XUE Y C, et al. Ferulic acid attenuates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation through inhibition of the ROCK/NF-κB signaling pathways[J]. J Pharmacol Sci, 2021, 147(1):72-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.05.006 .
34	MONTAGNINO G, BANFI G, CAMPISE M R, et al. Impact of chronic allograft nephropathy and subsequent modifications of immunosuppressive therapy on late graft outcomes in renal transplantation[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004, 19(10):2622-2629. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh453 .
35	李渭敏, 仲吉英, 陈奕豪, 等. 蛋白激酶B介导的APPL1在肾缺血再灌注损伤致肾脏慢性纤维化的机制研究[J]. 临床肾脏病杂志, 2019, 19(10):772-777. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2019.10.012 .
	LI W M, ZHONG J Y, CHEN Y H, et al. The mechanism of Akt-mediated APPL1 in chronic renal fibrosis induced by acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury[J]. J Clin Nephrol, 2019, 19(10): 772-777. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2019.10.012 .
36	LI A P, YANG L, ZHANG L C, et al. Evaluation of injury degree of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats based on serum metabolomics combined with proline marker[J]. J Proteome Res, 2020, 19(7):2575-2584. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00785 .
37	PIPPIN J W, BRINKKOETTER P T, CORMACK-ABOUD F C, et al. Inducible rodent models of acquired podocyte diseases[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2009, 296(2):F213-F229. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90421.2008 .
38	BOHNERT B N, ESSIGKE D, JANESSA A, et al. Experimental nephrotic syndrome leads to proteolytic activation of the epithelial Na⁺ channel in the mouse kidney[J]. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2021, 321(4): F480-F493. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00199.2021 .
39	HULKKO J, PATRAKKA J, LAL M, et al. Neph1 is reduced in primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and corresponding experimental animal models of adriamycin-induced nephropathy and puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis[J]. Nephron Extra, 2014, 4(3):146-154. DOI: 10.1159/000365091 .
40	WANG Y L, FAN S N, YANG M, et al. Evaluation of the mechanism of Danggui-Shaoyao-San in regulating the metabolome of nephrotic syndrome based on urinary metabonomics and bioinformatics approaches[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2020, 261:113020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep. 2020. 113020 .
41	LI A P, YANG L, CUI T, et al. Uncovering the mechanism of Astragali Radix against nephrotic syndrome by intergrating lipidomics and network pharmacology[J]. Phytomedicine, 2020, 77:153274. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153274 .
42	URATE S, WAKUI H, AZUSHIMA K, et al. Aristolochic acid induces renal fibrosis and senescence in mice[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(22):12432. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212432 .
43	TAGUCHI S, AZUSHIMA K, YAMAJI T, et al. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition on kidney fibrosis and inflammation in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1):23587. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02864-1 .
44	WANG S F, FAN J J, MEI X B, et al. Interleukin-22 attenuated renal tubular injury in aristolochic acid nephropathy via suppressing activation of NLRP3 inflammasome[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10:2277. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02277 .
45	WANG Q L, YUAN J L, TAO Y Y, et al. Fuzheng Huayu recipe and vitamin E reverse renal interstitial fibrosis through counteracting TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 127(3):631-640. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.011 .
46	ABDEL HALEEM N Y, EL-AASAR H M, ZAKI S M, et al. Concomitant protective and therapeutic role of verapamil in chronic mercury induced nephrotoxicity in the adult rat: histological, morphometric and ultrastructural study[J]. Arch Med Sci, 2015, 11(1):199-209. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.37342 .
47	ROJAS-FRANCO P, FRANCO-COLÍN M, TORRES-MANZO A P, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress participates in the pathophysiology of mercury-caused acute kidney injury[J]. Ren Fail, 2019, 41(1):1001-1010. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2019.1686019 .
48	HUANG H H, JIN W W, HUANG M, et al. Gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury in an animal model involves programmed necrosis of the collecting duct[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(9):2097-2115. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2019020204 .
49	ALBINO A H, ZAMBOM F F F, FORESTO-NETO O, et al. Renal inflammation and innate immune activation underlie the transition from gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury to renal fibrosis[J]. Front Physiol, 2021, 12:606392. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.606392 .
50	YE L, PANG W X, HUANG Y H, et al. Lansoprazole promotes cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via enhancing tubular necroptosis[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2021, 25(5):2703-2713. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16302 .
51	HAMROUN A, LENAIN R, BIGNA J J, et al. Prevention of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Drugs, 2019, 79(14):1567-1582. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01182-1 .
52	GHOSH S. Cisplatin: The first metal based anticancer drug[J]. Bioorg Chem, 2019, 88:102925. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019. 102925 .
53	CIARIMBOLI G. Membrane transporters as mediators of cisplatin side-effects[J]. Anticancer Res, 2014, 34(1):547-550.
54	OH G S, KIM H J, SHEN A H, et al. Cisplatin-induced kidney dysfunction and perspectives on improving treatment strategies[J]. Electrolyte Blood Press, 2014, 12(2):55. DOI: 10.5049/EBP.2014.12.2.55 .
55	DEWAELES E, CARVALHO K, FELLAH S, et al. Istradefylline protects from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy while preserving cisplatin antitumor effects[J]. J Clin Invest, 2022, 132(22): e152924. DOI: 10.1172/JCI152924 .
56	陈建新, 刘刚, 杨麟, 等. 5种方法制备高尿酸血症大鼠模型的实验研究[J]. 广州中医药大学学报, 2021, 38(11):2456-2461. DOI: 10.13359/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2021.11.027 .
	CHEN J X, LIU G, YANG L, et al. Experimental study on preparation of hyperuricemia rat model by five methods[J]. J Guangzhou Univ Tradit Chin Med, 2021, 38(11):2456-2461. DOI: 10.13359/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2021.11.027 .
57	JOHNSON R J, KANG D H, FEIG D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease?[J]. Hypertension, 2003, 41(6):1183-1190. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000069700.62727.C5 .
58	HASEGAWA J, MAEJIMA I, IWAMOTO R, et al. Selective autophagy: lysophagy[J]. Methods, 2015, 75: 128-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.014 .
59	KIELSTEIN J T, PONTREMOLI R, BURNIER M. Management of hyperuricemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a focus on renal protection[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2020, 22(12):102. DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01116-3 .
60	JAFFE D H, KLEIN A B, BENIS A, et al. Incident gout and chronic Kidney Disease: healthcare utilization and survival[J]. BMC Rheumatol, 2019, 3(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s41927-019-0060-0 .
61	SELLMAYR M, HERNANDEZ PETZSCHE M R, MA Q Y, et al. Only hyperuricemia with crystalluria, but not asymptomatic hyperuricemia, drives progression of chronic kidney disease[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(12):2773-2792. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020040523 .
62	LIM B J, YANG J W, ZOU J, et al. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis can sensitize the kidney to subsequent glomerular injury[J]. Kidney Int, 2017, 92(6):1395-1403. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint. 2017. 04.010 .
63	HUMPHREYS B D, XU F F, SABBISETTI V, et al. Chronic epithelial kidney injury molecule-1 expression causes murine kidney fibrosis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2013, 123(9):4023-4035. DOI: 10.1172/JCI45361 .
64	XU L Y, SHARKEY D, CANTLEY L G. Tubular GM-CSF promotes late MCP-1/CCR2-mediated fibrosis and inflammation after ischemia/reperfusion injury[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2019, 30(10):1825-1840. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2019010068 .
65	PIETRUKANIEC M, MIGACZ M, ŻAK-GOŁĄB A, et al. Could KIM-1 and NGAL levels predict acute kidney injury after paracentesis?‒preliminary study[J]. Ren Fail, 2020, 42(1):853-859. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2020.1801468 .
66	ZHANG C, GEORGE S K, WU R P, et al. Reno-protection of urine-derived stem cells in a chronic kidney disease rat model induced by renal ischemia and nephrotoxicity[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2020, 16(3):435-446. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.37550 .
67	陈建, 曾莉, 陈刚, 等. 单侧肾切除及微渗透泵灌注血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导小鼠肾纤维化与高血压模型的建立[J]. 中国比较医学杂志, 2015, 25(2):26-29, 37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7856.2015.02.008 .
	CHEN J, ZENG L, CHEN G, et al. Establishment of a mouse model of renal fibrosis and hypertension induced by unilateral nephrectomy and infusion of angiotensin Ⅱ using a micro-osmotic pump[J]. Chin J Comp Med, 2015, 25(2):26-29, 37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7856.2015.02.008 .
68	ZHU H L, LIAO J L, ZHOU X K, et al. Tenascin-C promotes acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease progression by impairing tubular integrity via αvβ6 integrin signaling[J]. Kidney Int, 2020, 97(5):1017-1031. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.026 .
69	SKRYPNYK N I, HARRIS R C, DE CAESTECKER M P. Ischemia-reperfusion model of acute kidney injury and post injury fibrosis in mice[J]. J Vis Exp, 2013(78):50495. DOI: 10.3791/50495 .

[1]	HE Miao, ZHANG Xuxing, WU Gang, ZHOU Yi, RAO Hao, HU Xiangyu. Analysis of Animal Models of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Based on Clinical Characteristics of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(4): 541-552.
[2]	PAN Linqin, DENG Xiangliang, LUO Yunxia. Advances in Integrative Translational Research on Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke in Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 344-356.
[3]	BU Yu, HOU Jinting, LI Yuanyuan, SHA Jingtao, XIE Chenlu, WANG Wengang, SUN Xingwei. A Review and Evaluation of Integrated Disease and Syndrome Animal Models for Hemorrhoids in Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 357-366.
[4]	Committee of Experts on Medical Animal Experiments, Chinese Research Hospital Association , Committee of Regenerative Medicine Branch, Chinese Medicinal Biotech Association , HAN Fabin, CHEN Lin, CHEN Zhiguo, LU Ming, LI Yingjun. Guidelines for Selecting Preclinical Animal Models for Drugs and Stem Cell Therapies for Parkinson Disease (2026 Edition) [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(2): 153-177.
[5]	LI Hui. Advances in Animal Models for Biolinguistic Research [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(2): 297-305.
[6]	YANG Lin, JIN Meng, WU Hanqing, LI Shun, ZHOU Xiaohui. Establishment and Preliminary Analysis of an AG6 Mouse Encephalopathy Model Induced by Vaccinia Virus Tiantan Strain Infection [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 3-10.
[7]	LIAO Wangyue, LEI Shuang, LI Xuan, GUO Min, ZHOU Ruoran. Literature Analysis and Validity Assessment for Animal Models of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 66-80.
[8]	CHEN Ziyi, SUN Hongyan, KANG Pinfang, WU Wenjuan. Research Advances in Construction Methods and Novel Technologies for Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 81-93.
[9]	YANG Yunrong, WU Wenyu, TAN Yue, YAN Guofeng, LI Yao, LU Jin. A Review of Methods for Establishing and Evaluating Animal Models of Stroke [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 94-106.
[10]	LIU Song, MO Qianru, WANG Jin, CUI Ying, TIAN Ling. Main Biological Characteristics of Hermetia illucens L. and Its Potential Applications as a Model Organism [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(6): 803-809.
[11]	LEI Linbei, WAN Xiaojuan, XIE Jing, LIU Yuxin, ZOU Jiexin, XIE Xianbing. Applications, Advantages, and Challenges of Germ-Free Bees in Biomedical Research [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(6): 784-793.
[12]	WANG Xiaoming, MENG Chenchen, FAN Lu, LI Yanyang, ZHANG Junping, LÜ Shichao. An Overview of Strategies for Constructing Animal Models of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 596-610.
[13]	GAO Chaoqi, ZHU Zhibo, SUN Xiandong. Application Progress and Classification Analysis of Rat Vascular Remodeling Models [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 542-550.
[14]	LIU Ziqi, LI Yunying, LI Qin, LI Yuanhan, HE Fangyan, WEN Weibo. Research Progress on Animal Models of Gastric Ulcer of Spleen-Stomach Deficiency Cold Type [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 574-585.
[15]	LIU Yang, CHENG Laiyang, GUO Zhongkun. Progress on Animal Models of Perimenopausal Syndrome Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Disease-Syndrome Combination [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 586-595.