Occupational Health Risk Management Measures for Personnel Handling Non-Human Primate Laboratory Animals: An Overview

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.088

Abstract

Abstract:

Owing to their high genetic and physiological similarities to humans, non-human primates (NHPs) have become pivotal animal models in life sciences research and biomedical development. NHP laboratory animals are not only an ideal platform for exploring the mechanisms of neurological diseases and infectious diseases, but they are also widely used in preclinical safety evaluations of macromolecular drugs, which are considered the "gold standard". Nevertheless, this biological similarity increases the risk of zoonotic disease transmission to personnel working with NHP laboratory animals, their tissues, and body fluids. In light of recent domestic and international outbreaks of zoonotic diseases as well as the implementation of the Biosafety Law, this study examines the occupational risk factors encountered by personnel working with NHPs. This includes biological, chemical, and physical factors. This paper also covers common zoonoses, classification of the corresponding pathogens, transmission routes, risk severity levels, and protocols for post-exposure management. A multidimensional prevention and control framework is proposed, which includes the following components. (1) Risk Assessment and Emergency Response: Regularly identify hazards through an Occupational Health and Safety Committee (OHSC) and develop post-exposure emergency protocols. (2) Optimization of Management Systems: Improve facility design, optimize the allocation of personal protective equipment, and enhance health surveillance and vaccination programs. (3) Technical Training and Standardized Operations: Provide specialized training in NHP laboratory animal ethology and biosafety practices. Additionally, implement intelligent monitoring technologies to reduce the occurrence of aggressive incidents. This paper outlines measures designed to enhance health and safety awareness among personnel working with NHP laboratory animals. It emphasizes the need for strengthened guidance on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the standardization of professional operational practices. The goal is to safeguard personnel health and safety, reduce occupational exposure rates, and effectively prevent occupational diseases related to laboratory animals.

Key words: Non-human primates, Occupational health, Occupational exposure, Biosafety, Zoonosis

CLC Number:

R136

LI Qian,CHEN Jiaqi,LI Lihong,et al. Occupational Health Risk Management Measures for Personnel Handling Non-Human Primate Laboratory Animals: An Overview[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(2): 197-205. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.088.

Figures/Tables 2

References 46

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病原体类型 Pathogens types	病原体名称 Pathogen names	非人灵长类动物 Non-human primates types
病原体类型 Pathogens types	病原体名称 Pathogen names	猕猴 Macaques	狒狒 Baboons	长尾猴 Guenons	松鼠猴 Squirrel monkeys	黑猩猩 Chimpanzees
病毒 Viruses	猴疱疹病毒/B病毒	√				√
	猴D型逆转录病毒	√
	猴免疫缺陷病毒	√		√		√
	猴T细胞趋向性病毒1型	√
	猴泡沫病毒	√	√	√
	猴空泡病毒40	√
	猴麻疹病毒	√
	猴痘病毒	√	√	√		√
	黄热病毒	√	√	√	√	√
	登革病毒	√	√	√	√	√
	埃博拉病毒	√
	甲型肝炎病毒					√
	传染性软疣病毒					√
	乙型肝炎病毒					√
细菌 Bacteria	类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌	√				√
	弯曲杆菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	结核分枝杆菌	√	√	√	√	√
	牛分枝杆菌	√	√	√	√	√
	麻风分枝杆菌	√				√
	钩端螺旋体属	√	√	√	√	√
	沙门菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	志贺菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	假结核耶尔森菌	√	√	√	√	√
	小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌	√	√	√	√	√
后生动物寄生虫 Metazoan parasites	微小膜壳绦虫	√	√		√	√
	结节线虫属	√	√	√		√
	类圆线虫属	√	√
	鞭虫属	√	√	√	√	√
	蠕形住肠线虫	√	√	√
	弓形虫属					√
	疣状肠杆菌					√
原生动物寄生虫 Protozoan parasites	结肠小袋纤毛虫	√	√	√	√	√
	隐孢子虫属	√	√	√	√	√
	溶组织内阿米巴	√	√	√	√	√
	肠贾第鞭毛虫	√	√	√	√	√
	疟原虫	√	√	√	√	√
	克氏锥虫				√

病原体类型 Pathogens types	病原体名称 Pathogen names	非人灵长类动物 Non-human primates types
病原体类型 Pathogens types	病原体名称 Pathogen names	猕猴 Macaques	狒狒 Baboons	长尾猴 Guenons	松鼠猴 Squirrel monkeys	黑猩猩 Chimpanzees
病毒 Viruses	猴疱疹病毒/B病毒	√				√
	猴D型逆转录病毒	√
	猴免疫缺陷病毒	√		√		√
	猴T细胞趋向性病毒1型	√
	猴泡沫病毒	√	√	√
	猴空泡病毒40	√
	猴麻疹病毒	√
	猴痘病毒	√	√	√		√
	黄热病毒	√	√	√	√	√
	登革病毒	√	√	√	√	√
	埃博拉病毒	√
	甲型肝炎病毒					√
	传染性软疣病毒					√
	乙型肝炎病毒					√
细菌 Bacteria	类鼻疽伯克霍尔德菌	√				√
	弯曲杆菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	结核分枝杆菌	√	√	√	√	√
	牛分枝杆菌	√	√	√	√	√
	麻风分枝杆菌	√				√
	钩端螺旋体属	√	√	√	√	√
	沙门菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	志贺菌属	√	√	√	√	√
	假结核耶尔森菌	√	√	√	√	√
	小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌	√	√	√	√	√
后生动物寄生虫 Metazoan parasites	微小膜壳绦虫	√	√		√	√
	结节线虫属	√	√	√		√
	类圆线虫属	√	√
	鞭虫属	√	√	√	√	√
	蠕形住肠线虫	√	√	√
	弓形虫属					√
	疣状肠杆菌					√
原生动物寄生虫 Protozoan parasites	结肠小袋纤毛虫	√	√	√	√	√
	隐孢子虫属	√	√	√	√	√
	溶组织内阿米巴	√	√	√	√	√
	肠贾第鞭毛虫	√	√	√	√	√
	疟原虫	√	√	√	√	√
	克氏锥虫				√

疾病名称 Disease names	病原体名称 Pathogen names	危害程度分类^* Hazard classifications^*	传播途径 Transmission routes	人体临床症状 Human clinical symptoms
猴B病毒感染 Simian B virus infection	猴疱疹病毒/B病毒	第一类	咬伤、抓伤、黏膜暴露	伤口部位疱疹样病变、神经症状、脑炎。死亡率达70%～80%^[16-20]
猴痘病毒感染 Monkeypox virus infection	猴痘病毒	第一类	呼吸道、直接接触^[21]	临床表现类似天花，但病情相对较轻,发热、全身不适及淋巴结肿大 ^[22-23]
埃博拉出血热 Ebola hemorrhagic fever	埃博拉病毒	第一类	直接接触动物分泌物或体液污染物	发热、呕吐、腹泻、出血。死亡率为69%～88%^[24-25]
黄热病 Yellow fever	黄热病毒	第一类	蚊虫叮咬、传染性物质接触皮肤表面伤口、针头刺伤	部分呈隐性感染；发热、头痛、黄疸、出血、死亡^{[5, 26]}
猴免疫缺陷病毒感染 Simian immunodeficiency virus infection	猴免疫缺陷病毒	第二类	传染性物质接触黏膜、皮肤表面伤口、针头刺伤	已知的感染病例中未观察到临床症状^[5]
狂犬病 Rabies	狂犬病毒	第二类	咬伤、抓伤或舔舐	发热、疲劳、抽搐，死亡率近100%^[26]
麻疹 Measles	麻疹病毒	第三类	呼吸道、直接接触	发热、上呼吸道炎症、眼结膜炎、皮肤斑丘疹和颊黏膜有麻疹黏膜斑，疹退后遗留色素沉着伴糠麸样脱屑,可继发多种并发症^[27-30]
登革热 Dengue fever	登革病毒	第三类	蚊虫叮咬、针头刺伤	发热、皮疹、登革休克综合征、偶有死亡^[5]
结核病 Tuberculosis	结核分枝杆菌	第二类	呼吸道、消化道或破损的皮肤	可侵入人体全身各种器官，主要侵犯肺脏，属于慢性消耗性疾病^[31-36]
沙门氏菌病 Salmonellosis	沙门菌属	第三类	接触动物分泌物或粪便、黏膜接触或皮肤破损感染	胃肠炎（水样腹泻、腹痛、发热），病程2～7 d；少数发展为败血症或局部化脓感染^[5]
志贺氏菌病 Shigellosis	志贺菌属	第三类	接触动物分泌物或粪便、黏膜接触或皮肤破损感染	血性腹泻、黏液脓血便、腹痛及里急后重，可伴高热（38～40 ℃）^[5]
疟疾 Malaria	疟原虫	无	蚊虫叮咬、针头刺伤	周期性规律发作，全身发冷、发热、多汗，长期多次发作后可引起贫血和脾肿大^[37-38]
阿米巴痢疾 Amebic dysentery	溶组织内阿米巴	无	消化道	腹部不适、腹泻、大便有腐败腥臭味、肝脓肿等^[5]

疾病名称 Disease names	病原体名称 Pathogen names	危害程度分类^* Hazard classifications^*	传播途径 Transmission routes	人体临床症状 Human clinical symptoms
猴B病毒感染 Simian B virus infection	猴疱疹病毒/B病毒	第一类	咬伤、抓伤、黏膜暴露	伤口部位疱疹样病变、神经症状、脑炎。死亡率达70%～80%^[16-20]
猴痘病毒感染 Monkeypox virus infection	猴痘病毒	第一类	呼吸道、直接接触^[21]	临床表现类似天花，但病情相对较轻,发热、全身不适及淋巴结肿大 ^[22-23]
埃博拉出血热 Ebola hemorrhagic fever	埃博拉病毒	第一类	直接接触动物分泌物或体液污染物	发热、呕吐、腹泻、出血。死亡率为69%～88%^[24-25]
黄热病 Yellow fever	黄热病毒	第一类	蚊虫叮咬、传染性物质接触皮肤表面伤口、针头刺伤	部分呈隐性感染；发热、头痛、黄疸、出血、死亡^{[5, 26]}
猴免疫缺陷病毒感染 Simian immunodeficiency virus infection	猴免疫缺陷病毒	第二类	传染性物质接触黏膜、皮肤表面伤口、针头刺伤	已知的感染病例中未观察到临床症状^[5]
狂犬病 Rabies	狂犬病毒	第二类	咬伤、抓伤或舔舐	发热、疲劳、抽搐，死亡率近100%^[26]
麻疹 Measles	麻疹病毒	第三类	呼吸道、直接接触	发热、上呼吸道炎症、眼结膜炎、皮肤斑丘疹和颊黏膜有麻疹黏膜斑，疹退后遗留色素沉着伴糠麸样脱屑,可继发多种并发症^[27-30]
登革热 Dengue fever	登革病毒	第三类	蚊虫叮咬、针头刺伤	发热、皮疹、登革休克综合征、偶有死亡^[5]
结核病 Tuberculosis	结核分枝杆菌	第二类	呼吸道、消化道或破损的皮肤	可侵入人体全身各种器官，主要侵犯肺脏，属于慢性消耗性疾病^[31-36]
沙门氏菌病 Salmonellosis	沙门菌属	第三类	接触动物分泌物或粪便、黏膜接触或皮肤破损感染	胃肠炎（水样腹泻、腹痛、发热），病程2～7 d；少数发展为败血症或局部化脓感染^[5]
志贺氏菌病 Shigellosis	志贺菌属	第三类	接触动物分泌物或粪便、黏膜接触或皮肤破损感染	血性腹泻、黏液脓血便、腹痛及里急后重，可伴高热（38～40 ℃）^[5]
疟疾 Malaria	疟原虫	无	蚊虫叮咬、针头刺伤	周期性规律发作，全身发冷、发热、多汗，长期多次发作后可引起贫血和脾肿大^[37-38]
阿米巴痢疾 Amebic dysentery	溶组织内阿米巴	无	消化道	腹部不适、腹泻、大便有腐败腥臭味、肝脓肿等^[5]

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