The establishment of standardized, scientific and normalized animal biosafety level-2 (ABSL-2) laboratory is an important supporting of teaching and research in universities. Taking the ABSL-2 laboratory of Xiamen University laboratory animal center as an example, this paper elaborated the operation and management mode of the ABSL-2 laboratory from the aspects of the qualification for the record, biosafety management system documents, daily work management, pressure gradient control, the management of people, animals and materials, biological safety supervision and inspection, and waste disposal, and proposed countermeasures for the problems encountered in the management process.

China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) laboratory animal institutions accreditation is an important system for the management of laboratory animals in China. It is a third-party evaluation on Chinese characteristics dedicated to ensuring the quality and welfare of laboratory animals in China. The American Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) certification provides global services about animal welfare evaluation and ethical certification, which are important for management and use of laboratory animals. This study compared and analyzed the nature of CNAS and AAALAC, the nature of CNAS accreditation and AAALAC certification, the evaluation principles, required documents, the evaluation process, the management of reviewers, and the acceptance of results, and discussed the differences and characteristics of the two evaluation systems for laboratory animal institutions.

Hospital established a good animal experiment platform and a complete set of animal experiment management systems. In good operation, document management is a key element. This paper aimed to improve the management of animal laboratory documents from the perspective of the laboratory accreditation and testing institution accreditation auditor of the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS), and provides a reference for the improvement of the management level of relevant practitioners.

Biosafety is an important part of national security, and effective control of biological hazards of laboratory animals is the basis of using laboratory animals. Based on the experience of biosafety management in the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai General Hospital, this paper analyzed the potential biosafety threats faced by laboratory animal barrier facilities in the process of ensuring the smooth conducting of animal experiments from the perspective of a laboratory animal facility manager, and discussed the relevant countermeasures to reduce such risks, in order to provide a reference for the proper control of biosafety problems in animal experiments.

Objective To test the function and evaluate the safety of the self-developed biosafety cage changing workbench.Methods According to the criteria of YY 0569-2011 "Class II Biological Safety Cabinet" and RB/T 199-2015 "Laboratory Equipment Biosafety Performance Evaluation Technical Specifications", we detected the various performance indicators of the cage changing workbench (HT-1303), which was independently developed and produced by Shenzhen Hongteng Biological Technology Co., LTD, and evaluated the safety and validity.Results The appearance integrity and stability of the main body of the biosafety cage changing workbench, the cleanliness of the working area, the velocity of the inflow airflow, the velocity of the descending airflow, the illuminance, the noise level, the airflow direction, the high-efficiency particulate air filter were at good condition, reaching the standards of level II biological safety cabinet. The airtightness of the contaminated goods recovery cabin and the sterilization chamber of utensil surface was good, but the size and quantity of the sterilized cage box need to be further improved.Conclusion The biosafety cage changing workbench developed by our team can be operated properly in whole. It can complete the replacement of individually ventilated cages in this workbench under negative pressure environment. Our workbench also can ensure the safety of operators, environment and experimental subjects.

Objective To track and observe whether the long-term application of micro-electrolyzed sterile water system in laboratory animal barrier facilities can continuously maintain the terminal water aseptic.Methods From April 2018 to March 2022, the microbiological detection of the micro-electrolyzed sterile water system had been tracked and monitored once each quarter in the barrier facilities of producing and breeding SPF grade rats and mice in Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University. Totally 8 sampling points were set, including one sampling point before the intake of the microelectrolytized water outlet into the water duct, six sampling points at the terminal water outlet, and one sampling point for the water return of the water network. Samples were taken according to aseptic operation procedures, and microelectrolysis aseptic water was detected according to the national standards GB 14925—2010 and GB/T 14926.41—2001.Results From April 2018 to March 2022, a total of 17 tests were conducted. During the normal operation of the micro-electrolyzed sterile water system, the quality of micro-electrolyzed water at 8 sampling points was sterile, in line with the national standard.Conclusion Micro-electrolyzed sterile water system can maintain the sterility of the terminal water supply, and can be used in laboratory animal barrier facilities for a long time.

On the basis of current situation and existing problems analysis of laboratory animal facility maintenance in colleges and universities, as well as many years of practice, the author believes that socialized services of laboratory animal facility maintenance in colleges and universities can effectively control the system risk, improve the efficiency of facilities, and meet the national requirements for the socialization reform in college logistics.

The accreditation for laboratory animal institutions of China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) is a third-party evaluation program that is in line with international practices and China's national conditions, it is complementary to the national laboratory animal license system, and is an important system for the management of laboratory animal institutions. This paper introduces the origin, development, status quo, problems, and challenges of CNAS laboratory animal accreditation, and proposes countermeasures and suggestions for improving the accreditation system of laboratory animal institutions.

Appropriate biosafety management is a critical component of the successful operation of laboratory animal facilities. Standardizing the management of laboratory animal facilities, protecting staff, and strengthening the construction of laboratory animal health monitoring system are inevitable needs for the benign development of the laboratory animal industry. The control of microbial pathogens is a core component of laboratory biosafety management, and it is an important index for the evaluation of laboratory operation and management. The potential biosafety risk of animal laboratories is high owing to the experimentations with live animals, or pathogenic microorganisms. The control of microbial pathogens is an effective measure to reduce the risk of occupational exposure and acquired infections in laboratories. This study discusses microbial pathogen control strategies in laboratory animal facilities for promoting laboratory animal facility management and biosafety control.

Objective To investigate whether an acclimatization period should be introduced into the home cage experiment for the detection of metabolic function in mice, and how to judge and set its length. Methods Data from 31 home cage experiments in 2016-2017 were collected, and each experiment was set up with a 3-day (72 hours) acclimatization period. Data such as water consumption, food intake, heat production, and body weight were recorded. The data were analyzed using 24-hour interval analysis to determine the acclimatization effect. Results Approximately 12% of the 356 mice drank less than 1 mL at the end of 96 hours. There were significant differences in water consumption, food intake, heat production rate, and body weight between 24-48 hours and 48-72 hours, but no significant differences were detected between 48-72 hours and 72-96 hours, except in food intake. Independent verification of the food intake of each experiment showed that there was a significant correlation between food intake adaptability and weight. Conclusion Approximately 12% of the mice were unable to learn or adapt to the new water bottle after the 72-hour acclimatization period, therefore, researchers should consider increasing the sample size of the experiment to eliminate invalid data. If food intake is not the focus of a study, the 48-hour acclimatization is sufficient to obtain reliable results.

Taking the removal efficiencies of waste heat, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, and the mean age of air as the evaluation indicators of air distribution, the pros and cons of air distribution in two different types of animal barriers, an experimental facility and a breeding facility, were analyzed at various air change rates and exhaust outlet positions by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation technology. The results of selected indicators showed that ceiling air supply plus bottom exhaust outlet were suitable for the laboratory animal barrier facilities. In addition, air change rate in high-density breeding facilities should be adjusted according to the room temperature.

Objective This study discusses the construction of a resistance training model for rats using a treadmill. Methods A total of 40 male SD rats aged 19 months were selected to determine the conditions for the establishment of a resistance training model. To this end, the angle and speed of the treadmill were measured, the changes of the rat tail load and lactic acid levels in their blood were tested. Results Rats underwent resistance training on the treadmill at an incline of 35°and a running speed of 15 m/min, the exercise regimen significantly improved. After exercising for 8-15 s, the average blood lactic acid concentration was 3.8-5.2 mmol/L. According to the energy metabolism and blood lactic acid half-time response, the resistance training of rats was performed as one training session for 15 s and 30 s intervals. After 4 training sessions in each group, the blood lactic acid concentration was relatively stable. The blood lactic acid concentration was 4-5 mmol/L after resistance training for 3 groups per day and 3 min intervals between groups. Conclusion A resistance training model in rats is established based on the incline, speed of the rat treadmill, and the tail load of rats.

In recent years, liquid desiccant environmental control equipment has been gradually applied in the laboratory animal facility settings. This study measured and analyzed the application of liquid desiccant environmental control equipment in laboratory animal facilities and compared it with traditional systems for environmental control, power distribution, energy consumption, exhaust air treatment, installation conditions, use and maintenance, in order to provide a reference for promoting the application of liquid desiccant environmental control equipment in laboratory animal facilities.

Objective To assess the variation of air changes and pressure parameters in the same equipment of individually ventilated cage (IVC) during the daily operation. Methods Taking the onsite single-side IVC as the test object which was placed in the barrier environment,and the parameters were set like this:ventilation rate 50 times/h,40 times/h;the pressure:+ 20Pa,+ 10Pa.The sample points were set at the air inlet,which was used to test the air speed,meanwhile testing the pressure between the cage inside and outside. Result During the IVC equipment daily operation,the variation of air changes among the cages were huge,the number ranged from 30 times/h to 60 times/h,but the parameter of pressure between inside and outside has little difference among the cage,and within the set value ±5Pa range fluctuations. Conclusion The structure and ventilation system of IVC equipment had big impact on the air changes,the temperature,humidity,airflow velocity and ammonia concentration in IVC cage were closely related to the ventilation rate.In order to reduce the environmental differences on the experimental results,controlling the ventilation rate and pressure difference between internal and external of cages are necessary.

Control of pathogenic micro-organisms in laboratory animal barrier facilities is not only related to the quality of laboratory animals, the credibility of experimental results, but also the health of personnel and the safety of the environment. However, during the daily operation of laboratory animal barrier facilities, pathogenic micro-organisms may be introduced via the entry and exit of personnel and articles, etc, so daily sanitation and disinfection of the barrier environment is very important. In this paper, 6 kinds of commonly used disinfectants for laboratory animal barrier facilities were selected, and their properties, mechanism of action, toxicity, occupational health and safety, effects and other parameters were summarized, so as to provide reference for selecting reasonable and effective disinfectants for laboratory animal barrier facilities.

Sentinel animals in barrier environment should not only take into account the species, strain, sex, age, quantity, contact mode, placement position and detection frequency, but also the elimination of interference of animal stress on the monitoring results. Aaccording to the 3R theory of laboratory animals, make full use of sentinel animals as feed nutrition monitoring sentinel animals, put forward to set up the number of sentinel animals, that is the actual detection number of sentinel animals.

Laboratory animals represent the important tools which were widely used for medical researches. The biosafety of laboratory animals and animal experiments have provided key base of the development of biomedical science and technology for human society. Currently, the animal biosafety level 2 (ABSL-2) laboratory are widely used in the fields of life sciences and medical researches. This review introduces the key points of management of ABSL-2 laboratory, including the structure designing, the administrational approving, the facility running, the management of human resources, the experimental operation, the emergency handling, and how to setup effective biosafety management system to avoid the leakage of bio-hazardous factors, to improve the animal laboratory biosafety level.

With the development of innovative medicine discovery, various kinds of immunodeficiency mice or severe combined immunodeficiency mice were more widely used in each research institutes. The newly raised problem is that the barrier environment and animal populations of more animal research facilities were contaminated by Corynebacterium bovis (C. bovis). At present, the  C. bovis has not been enrolled into SPF laboratory animal-microbiologic standards in China, although this opportunistic pathogen has great threat to immunodeficiency animals. As rapid spread contamination and extremely difficult elimination of C. bovis, it is an extensive disaster to immunodeficiency animal facilities, and there were no appropriate prevention and elimination solutions in the past. In this paper, based on the research progress and the experience of two animal research facilities in past six years, the feasible strategies to prevent and eliminate C. bovis from barrier facilities were proposed.

Objective To monitor the bacteria in the pipe network and the water used in microbiological sterile water system in barrier breeding facilities, and to observe the effect of drinking micro-electrolysis sterile water on blood biochemical in SPF-grade SD rats. Methods From the period of 2015 to 2017, 6 outlet points of the micro-electrolysis water system were sampled and detected; 21-day-old SD 20 rats were divided into 2 groups, half male and half female, drinking micro-electrolyzed water and high pressure water respectively. After drinking Sterilized water 1 to 8 months, Blood was taken from the abdominal aorta to detect blood biochemical. Results The microelectrolytic water system has been detected for more than 2 years. Using the current detection technology, no bacteria have been detected in the micro-electrolyzed water and the pipe network. There was no difference in blood biochemical indicators after drinking 1 to 8 months of water in 2 groups. Conclusion The application of micro-electrolysis sterile water system in barrier breeding facilities has a continuous disinfection and bactericidal effect on the pipe network and the water, and can kept sterile for a long time. No effect on blood biochemical indicators were observed in 21-day-old SD rats drinking micro-electrolyzed water for 8 months .

Objective To dynamically assess the micro-environmental changes of the new type exhaust ventilated closed-system cage (EVC)for mice. Methods Based on the measurement of ventilation velocity and volume in EVC cages with mice, the air exchange rate were calculated. The parameters of noise, temperature, differential air pressure, relative humidity, micro-environmental ammonia concentration and macro-environmental ammonia concentration were detected continuously for a 7-day-cycle with wooden shaving bedding and for a 14-day-cycle with corncob bedding. Results The noise in two type EVC were 54.2±3.4 db and 55.6±4.1 db. The differential pressure between EVC and room were -23.1±9.2 Pa and -27.5±11.6 Pa respectively. Since the first day of caging change-cycle, the micro-environmental temperature, humidity and ammonia concentrations has raised gradually in cages. On the sixth day, ammonia concentration in two type of cages reached 1.28±0.08 mg/m ³ and 1.33±0.15 mg/m ³ respectively with wood shaving beddings, the temperature were 23.5±0.27 ℃ and 22.8±0.15 ℃ respectively, the humidity were 67.8%±2.2% and 70.2%±1.1% respectively. On the twelfth day, ammonia concentration in cages reached 1.95±0.46 mg/m ³ and 2.17±0.33 mg/m3 with corncob beddings, the temperature were 23.8±0.4 ℃ and 24.1±0.2 ℃, and the humidity were 70.3%±1.8% and 69.6%±1.8% respectively. Conclusions Based on the conditions of current experiment, during 6-day and 12-day caging change-cycle respectively, the micro-environmental parameters, such as: noise, differential air pressure, temperature, humidity and ammonia concentrations met the GB14925-2010 requirements. EVC system with corncob bedding are highly recommended to maintain a stable micro-environment, that could be used in animal research and animal production.

Objective To understand the differences on serum monoamine neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, dopamine) in single caged and social group female macaca fascicularis and ECG, blood pressure which were associated with the emotion, explored the influence of living environment on the emotion of macaca fascicularis. Methods Nine female macaca fascicularis at the age of 4-6 years old were singly raised in cage at the first 5 months, and group raised in next 5 months.The ECG, blood pressure, norepinephrine (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were measured,daily facial expressions also were recorded. Results During the whole experiment, the indexes of ventricular rate, PR interval, QT interval, serum monoamine neurotransmitter (NA, 5-HT and DA) and diastolic pressure; value were compared between groups difference significant ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). Anger and anxiety score in single caged stage were significantly higher than in group phase ( P<0.05), but sexual behavior, activity and happiness score were lower ( P<0.05). Conclusion The macaca fascicularis was more suitable for the breeding of group,during long-term single caged feeding, it could have a greater impact on the serum monoamine neurotransmitters and some indicators of ECG, blood pressure,and were prone to a variety of negative emotions.

Objective To establish the method for urine collection, detect and analyses the urine biochemical and electrolyte index of Meriones meridianus in Xinjiang area, and compare the index with SD rats. Methods Wild Meriones meridianus was reared in the laboratory for three months, to adapt to the laboratory artificial rearing conditions. The urine of selected 40 Meriones meridianus and 40 clean grade SD rats was collected using simple urine collection cage to analyze urine biochemical parameters and electrolyte index. Results The amount of urine of Meriones meridianus and 1.5 months aged SD rat in 24h was 3-3.5 mL and 8-10 mL respectively. The urine of Meriones meridianus and SD rat’s was yellow, transparent, odor of ammonia by visual observation. The pH of Meriones meridianus’s urine was 7.80 ±0.40, urine specific gravity was 1.011 ± 0.005. The pH of SD rats’s urine was 7.12±0.03, urine specific gravity was 1.018±0.003. The results of biochemical test showed that the most of Meriones meridianus and SD rats are negative, but there were individual animal samples with different degrees of positive. All urine electrolytes showed no significant difference between the negative index of Meriones meridianus ( P>0.05), the urine electrolytes showed no significant difference between male and female ( P>0.05). Conclusions The results provided basic biological information and research on Meriones meridianus as experimental animal.

Objective To understand the differences on physiological indexes of single caged and social group female macaca fascicularis. Methods Nine female cynomolgus monkeys at the age of 4-6 years old were singly raised in cage at the first 5 months,and group raised in next 5 months.The body weight, body temperature, blood routine, urine routine, blood biochemistry were measured in single caged rearing and group breeding, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare whether there were differences between the two stages. Results Body weight in single caged stage was significantly lower than that in group phase ( P<0.05). In blood routine, white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEUT), neutrophil percentage (NEUT%) in single caged stage were significantly higher than that in group stage ( P<0.01); monocyte count (MONO), the percentage of mononuclear cells (MONO%) in single caged stage were significantly lower than that in group stage ( P<0.01); lymphocyte percentage(LYMPH%) in single caged stage was significantly lower than that in group stage ( P<0.05). In blood biochemistry, total bilirubin(TBIL) in single caged stage was significantly lower than that in group stage ( P<0.01); aspartic acid amino transferase (AST), triglyceride (TG) in single caged stage were significantly higher than that in group stage ( P<0.05). The positive rate of urine protein in single caged stage is higher than that in the group stage( P<0.05). Other indexes between the groups had no statistical difference. Conclusion The macaca fascicularis was more suitable for the breeding of group, if the long-term single caged feeding, it could have a greater impact on body weight, hematology and urine routine of some indicators.

Objective To introduce a simple and convenient method for relative long time immobilization for rats. This method can meet the requirements of acupuncture or electroacupuncture experiments on the rats. Methods Imitating the external immobilization for clavicular fracture in orthopedics, the rats were immobilized with two strips of cotton threads about 110~120 cm long, one roll of scotch tape about 6 cm wide and one strip of silk ribbon about 20 cm long and 1cm wide by “X” shaped immobilization. Result The rats are immobilized effectively within a short time and the efficiency of the experiment is improved greatly by means of “X” shaped immobilization. Conclusion The simple, economical, effective and relatively safe method for immobilization the rats, “X” shaped immobilization is helpful to retain needle with the longer time and worth of popularizing.

Laboratory animal behavior colligates the wild and wonderful ways in which animals interact with each other living beings, and with the environment. These behavior is the product of an individual’s innate qualities (“nature”) versus those shaped by personal experience (“nurture”). Environment contains all the resources with which the animals come directly in contact. This article reviews the effects of environment factors on laboratory animal behavior. Based on the related standards, the paper explores the relationship between environment control and laboratory animal holding, which will benefit the animal welfare.

The index of noise is dB(A) in the national standard for laboratory animal facility and environment of P. R. China GB14925-2010 and in relative standards of many foreign countries. This index is based on the character of human being hearing. The limitation value of the noise in standard of P. R. China is ≤60 dB(A). That is also from the demand of human being hearing. But many natural evidences and scientific researches show that the index and limitation value is not reasonable nor scientific. The writers discussed such argument based on available scientific documents. And the writers proposed that NOEV[dB(C)], No observed Effect Volume [dB(C)], could be the suitable index and limitation value for noise in laboratory animal facility and environment based on available scientific documents, and derived that NOEV[dB(C)] is different between different laboratory animals. The detailed data could be obtained by new scientific researches. The revivew pointed out the direction for how to get the limitation value of noise in laboratory animal facility and environment.