SPF鸡的主要垂直传播性病原体及其检测标准分析

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.181

实验动物与比较医学 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 305-312.DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.181

SPF鸡的主要垂直传播性病原体及其检测标准分析

王梦杰¹, 马文杰¹, 潘喻¹, 陈见兴¹, 张贺¹, 夏长友¹, 王玉娥¹^,²()

^1.中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所, 兽医生物技术国家重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150069
^2.西南大学动物医学院, 重庆 400715

收稿日期:2023-12-14 修回日期:2024-04-15 出版日期:2024-07-06 发布日期:2024-06-25
通讯作者: 王玉娥（1974—），女，博士，教授，研究方向：实验动物资源培育、疫病净化和疾病动物模型建立等。E-mail： vetyuewang@swu.edu.cn
作者简介:王梦杰（1998—），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：实验动物资源培育、疫病净化和疾病动物模型建立等。E-mail： w15136706150@163.com
基金资助:
十四五国家重点研发计划项目“实验动物专用设备创新研制”(2022YFF0711200)

Analysis of Major Vertically Transmissible Pathogens and Their Detection Standards in SPF Chickens

Mengjie WANG¹, Wenjie MA¹, Yu PAN¹, Jianxing CHEN¹, He ZHANG¹, Changyou XIA¹, Yu'e WANG¹^,²()

^1.State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
^2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

Received:2023-12-14 Revised:2024-04-15 Published:2024-06-25 Online:2024-07-06
Contact: WANG Yu'e, E-mail: vetyuewang@swu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

无特定病原体（specific pathogen-free, SPF）鸡在禽病及疫苗研究中应用广泛。垂直传播性疾病以垂直传播的方式传递给雏鸡，降低雏鸡成活率、增加生产成本、给整个养殖行业带来巨大经济损失的同时，严重影响SPF鸡的培育与使用。因此，需要加强研究及管理人员对鸡垂直传播性疫病病原的认识，并制定出行之有效的监测措施。质量监测是保证SPF鸡质量的重要环节，其中病原检测是首要环节。在此基础上，应结合净化方式以及生物安全防控手段来培育合格的SPF鸡群。本文综述了包括病毒性病原、细菌性病原和支原体在内的鸡主要垂直传播性病原和这些病原的检测方法，比较美国企业标准和中国国家标准中有关SPF鸡微生物检测项目及方法的差异。结果分析显示，在两种标准中，垂直传播性病原大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌以及沙门菌、禽白血病等垂直传播性疾病均未被列入SPF鸡微生物检测项目。而这些病原存在混合感染特征，一旦爆发，将严重影响鸡群健康。为生产更高质量的SPF鸡群，有必要将其列入必检项目。本文旨在帮助人们了解SPF鸡微生物监测的相关标准以及垂直传播性病原的危害和防控策略，为SPF鸡病原检测及净化提供参考。

关键词: SPF鸡, 垂直传播, 病原检测

Abstract:

Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens are widely used in the research of avian diseases and vaccines. Vertically transmissible diseases are transmitted to chickens through vertical transmission, seriously affecting their survival rate, increasing production costs, and causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry, while severely impacting the breeding and use of SPF chickens. Therefore, it is crucial for researchers and managers to enhance their understanding of vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens and to develop effective monitoring measures. Quality monitoring is an important part of ensuring the quality of SPF chickens, with pathogen detection being the primary step. Based on this, it is necessary to cultivate qualified SPF chickens through purification methods and biosecurity measures. This paper reviews the major vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens, including viral pathogens, bacterial pathogens and mycoplasmas, as well as their detection methods. This study compares the differences in microbiological testing items and methods for SPF chickens between the U.S. corporate standard and the Chinese national standard. Analysis of the results shows that in both standards, vertically transmissible pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, and avian leukosis are not included in the microbiological testing items for SPF chickens. Instead, these pathogens are characterized by mixed infections, and outbreaks can seriously affect flock health. To produce higher-quality SPF chickens, it is necessary to include these pathogens in the mandatory testing items. The aim of this paper is to help readers understand the relevant standards for microbiological monitoring of SPF chickens, the hazards of vertically transmissible pathogens, and prevention and control strategies, so as to provide a reference for the detection and purification of pathogens in SPF chickens.

Key words: SPF chickens, Vertical transmission, Pathogen detection

中图分类号:

Q95-33

王梦杰,马文杰,潘喻,等. SPF鸡的主要垂直传播性病原体及其检测标准分析[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2024, 44(3): 305-312. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.181.

Mengjie WANG,Wenjie MA,Yu PAN,et al. Analysis of Major Vertically Transmissible Pathogens and Their Detection Standards in SPF Chickens[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 305-312. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.181.

图/表 2

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病原 Pathogens	垂直传播病原 Vertically transmissible pathogens	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard	SPF鸡卵级别 Level of SPF chicken eggs
病原 Pathogens	垂直传播病原 Vertically transmissible pathogens	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard	保险^b Insurance^b	优先^c Priority^c
腺病毒Ⅰ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅰ	▲	●	●	●	●
腺病毒Ⅱ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅱ			●	●	●
腺病毒Ⅲ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅲ	▲	●	●	●	●
禽脑脊髓炎病毒Avian encephalomyelitis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
禽流行性感冒（A型） Avian influenza virus (type A)		●	●	●	●
禽肾炎病毒Avian nephritis virus			●		●
禽副粘病毒2型Avian metapneumovirus type 2			●		●
鸡传染性贫血病毒 Chicken infectious anaemia virus	▲	●	●
禽呼肠孤病毒Avian reovirus	▲	●	●	●	●
禽鼻气管炎病毒Avian infectious coryza virus			●		●
禽轮状病毒Avian rotavirus			●		●
禽结核病Avian tuberculosis			●		●
禽痘病毒Fowl pox virus		●	●	●	●
副鸡嗜血杆菌Haemophilus paragallinarum		●	●		●
传染性支气管炎病毒Infectious bronchitis virus		●	●	●	●
传染性法氏囊病病毒 Infectious bursal disease virus		●	●	●	●
淋巴白血病病毒Lymphoid leukosis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
马立克病毒Marek's disease virus		●	●	●	●
鸡毒支原体Mycoplasma gallisepticum	▲	●	●	●	●
滑液囊支原体Mycoplasma synoviae	▲	●	●	●	●
新城疫病毒Newcastle disease virus		●	●	●	●
网状内皮组织增生症病毒 Reticuloendotheliosis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
鸡白痢沙门菌Salmonella pullorum	▲	●	●	●	●
沙门菌属Salmonella genus			●
传染性喉气管炎病毒 Infectious laryngotracheitis virus		●	●	●	●
多杀性巴氏杆菌Pasteurella multocida		●
禽白血病病毒Avian leukosis virus	▲		●	●	●

病原 Pathogens	垂直传播病原 Vertically transmissible pathogens	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard	SPF鸡卵级别 Level of SPF chicken eggs
病原 Pathogens	垂直传播病原 Vertically transmissible pathogens	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard	保险^b Insurance^b	优先^c Priority^c
腺病毒Ⅰ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅰ	▲	●	●	●	●
腺病毒Ⅱ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅱ			●	●	●
腺病毒Ⅲ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅲ	▲	●	●	●	●
禽脑脊髓炎病毒Avian encephalomyelitis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
禽流行性感冒（A型） Avian influenza virus (type A)		●	●	●	●
禽肾炎病毒Avian nephritis virus			●		●
禽副粘病毒2型Avian metapneumovirus type 2			●		●
鸡传染性贫血病毒 Chicken infectious anaemia virus	▲	●	●
禽呼肠孤病毒Avian reovirus	▲	●	●	●	●
禽鼻气管炎病毒Avian infectious coryza virus			●		●
禽轮状病毒Avian rotavirus			●		●
禽结核病Avian tuberculosis			●		●
禽痘病毒Fowl pox virus		●	●	●	●
副鸡嗜血杆菌Haemophilus paragallinarum		●	●		●
传染性支气管炎病毒Infectious bronchitis virus		●	●	●	●
传染性法氏囊病病毒 Infectious bursal disease virus		●	●	●	●
淋巴白血病病毒Lymphoid leukosis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
马立克病毒Marek's disease virus		●	●	●	●
鸡毒支原体Mycoplasma gallisepticum	▲	●	●	●	●
滑液囊支原体Mycoplasma synoviae	▲	●	●	●	●
新城疫病毒Newcastle disease virus		●	●	●	●
网状内皮组织增生症病毒 Reticuloendotheliosis virus	▲	●	●	●	●
鸡白痢沙门菌Salmonella pullorum	▲	●	●	●	●
沙门菌属Salmonella genus			●
传染性喉气管炎病毒 Infectious laryngotracheitis virus		●	●	●	●
多杀性巴氏杆菌Pasteurella multocida		●
禽白血病病毒Avian leukosis virus	▲		●	●	●

SPF鸡垂直传播病原微生物 Vertical transmission of pathogenic microorganisms	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard
鸡白痢沙门菌 Salmonella pullorum	SPA，IA，TA	SPA
禽白血病病毒 Avian leukosis virus	ELISA	ELISA
网状内皮组织增生症病毒 Reticuloendotheliosis virus	ELISA，AGP	IFA，AGP
鸡传染性贫血病毒 Chicken infectious anemia virus	ELISA，IFA，PCR	IFA
禽呼肠孤病毒Avian reovirus	AGP，ELISA	AGP，MFIA，IFA
禽脑脊髓炎病毒 Avian encephalomyelitis virus	ELISA，AGP，EST，SN	MFIA
禽腺病毒Ⅰ群 Avian adenovirus group Ⅰ	AGP	AGP
禽腺病毒Ⅲ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅲ	HI，ELISA	HI
鸡毒支原体 Mycoplasma gallisepticum	SPA，HI，ELISA	SPA
滑液囊支原体 Mycoplasma synoviae	SPA，HI，ELISA	SPA

SPF鸡垂直传播病原微生物 Vertical transmission of pathogenic microorganisms	中国国家标准^a Chinese national standard^a	CRL公司的企业标准 CRL Company's corporate standard
鸡白痢沙门菌 Salmonella pullorum	SPA，IA，TA	SPA
禽白血病病毒 Avian leukosis virus	ELISA	ELISA
网状内皮组织增生症病毒 Reticuloendotheliosis virus	ELISA，AGP	IFA，AGP
鸡传染性贫血病毒 Chicken infectious anemia virus	ELISA，IFA，PCR	IFA
禽呼肠孤病毒Avian reovirus	AGP，ELISA	AGP，MFIA，IFA
禽脑脊髓炎病毒 Avian encephalomyelitis virus	ELISA，AGP，EST，SN	MFIA
禽腺病毒Ⅰ群 Avian adenovirus group Ⅰ	AGP	AGP
禽腺病毒Ⅲ群Avian adenovirus group Ⅲ	HI，ELISA	HI
鸡毒支原体 Mycoplasma gallisepticum	SPA，HI，ELISA	SPA
滑液囊支原体 Mycoplasma synoviae	SPA，HI，ELISA	SPA

[1]	于海波, 周洁, 李剑虹, 李昌文, 高彩霞, 夏长友. SPF鸡福利伦理指南团体标准的制定和解读[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2022, 42(6): 572-576.
[2]	周妍, 刁晨曦, 张圆圆, 于海波, 陆涛峰, 赵丽丽, 陈洪岩. SPF鸡不同生长阶段粪便菌群组成及多样性研究[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2017, 37(3): 231-239.
[3]	吴伟, 刘怀然, 刘胜旺, 陈洪岩. 一株鸭源新城疫病毒分子特性及对SPF鸡、鸭致病性的比较研究[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2015, 35(1): 65-70.
[4]	李新华, 张世栋, 姜亦飞, 王春玲, 李峰. SPF鸡舍建设工程设计与工艺[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2014, 34(4): 339-342.
[5]	杨金兴, 王友令, 欧阳文军, 袁小远. 提高SPF鸡蛋合格率的综合措施[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2013, 33(2): 157-159.
[6]	欧阳文军, 王友令, 杨金兴, 袁小远, 孙晓军. SPF鸡饲养管理制度的建立[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2012, 32(4): 353-355.
[7]	王佳乐, 张江, 张瑞忠. SPF鸡在隔离器内中早期生长模型的拟合探讨[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2012, 32(1): 70-72.
[8]	窦如海1，简政1，王应文1，李浩2，郑茂恩2，朱瑞良3. SPF鸡(蛋)质量控制相关程序的建立与完善[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2010, 30(6): 455-461.
[9]	金东庆1，徐凯勇2，单忠芳3，朱果4，窦如海1，冯墨竹1. 国内与山东SPF鸡(蛋)生产现状、存在问题与对策[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2008, 28(5): 345-348.
[10]	厉从志, 梁洪宇. 辐照饲料在SPF鸡饲养中的使用结果[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 2000, 20(2): 118-119.
[11]	薛正风, 李厚达, 金韶华, 郭朝康. 洁净垂直层流架饲养SPF鸡的研究[J]. 实验动物与比较医学, 1994, 14(3,4): 151-154.

SPF鸡的主要垂直传播性病原体及其检测标准分析

Analysis of Major Vertically Transmissible Pathogens and Their Detection Standards in SPF Chickens

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