China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) laboratory animal institutions accreditation is an important system for the management of laboratory animals in China. It is a third-party evaluation on Chinese characteristics dedicated to ensuring the quality and welfare of laboratory animals in China. The American Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) certification provides global services about animal welfare evaluation and ethical certification, which are important for management and use of laboratory animals. This study compared and analyzed the nature of CNAS and AAALAC, the nature of CNAS accreditation and AAALAC certification, the evaluation principles, required documents, the evaluation process, the management of reviewers, and the acceptance of results, and discussed the differences and characteristics of the two evaluation systems for laboratory animal institutions.

根据实验动物环境设施建设的专业性特点，结合目前设施建设工程中存在的诸多问题，提出新建项目在设计阶段开始时就应十分重视“工艺流程平面”的设计，这是设计阶段第一项至关重要的工作，它涉及到工程建设项目从立项开始到施工图设计、选材，设备选型等方方面面.

With the development of innovative medicine discovery, various kinds of immunodeficiency mice or severe combined immunodeficiency mice were more widely used in each research institutes. The newly raised problem is that the barrier environment and animal populations of more animal research facilities were contaminated by Corynebacterium bovis (C. bovis). At present, the  C. bovis has not been enrolled into SPF laboratory animal-microbiologic standards in China, although this opportunistic pathogen has great threat to immunodeficiency animals. As rapid spread contamination and extremely difficult elimination of C. bovis, it is an extensive disaster to immunodeficiency animal facilities, and there were no appropriate prevention and elimination solutions in the past. In this paper, based on the research progress and the experience of two animal research facilities in past six years, the feasible strategies to prevent and eliminate C. bovis from barrier facilities were proposed.

The establishment of standardized, scientific and normalized animal biosafety level-2 (ABSL-2) laboratory is an important supporting of teaching and research in universities. Taking the ABSL-2 laboratory of Xiamen University laboratory animal center as an example, this paper elaborated the operation and management mode of the ABSL-2 laboratory from the aspects of the qualification for the record, biosafety management system documents, daily work management, pressure gradient control, the management of people, animals and materials, biological safety supervision and inspection, and waste disposal, and proposed countermeasures for the problems encountered in the management process.

目的 通过实验室饲养树鼩，探讨更科学、更符合实际需要的普通级实验树鼩饲养环境条件。 方法 检测环境指数包括温度、光照、噪音、换气次数，落菌数，分析总结最适宜树鼩生长的环境参数。 结果 光照是所有因子中最重要的因子，光照时间12～14h，强度100～220 lx，比较有利于树鼩的四季繁殖。 结论 适宜普通级环境中饲养树鼩控制指标：温度18～29℃，相对湿度40%～66%；光照时间12～14h，强度100～220 lx；噪音50-60 dB；换气次数15～22次/h；落菌数10～40个/皿。

本文简要介绍了日本“实验动物设施建造和设备的指南”修订的沿革。日本工程专家会同实验动物专家化了两年时间修订并颁布了该指南的最新版本，列出了实验动物饲养的最新参数，对此我国实验动物设施建设和改造可作借鉴。

根据生产记录分析了金黄仓鼠繁殖力与饲养室温度变化的关系。按产量相近月份的资料划为一组的原则，将一个生产年（当年9月～次年6月）的资料分为4组：5、6、9、10月份为Ⅰ组，11、4月份为Ⅱ组，12、3月份为Ⅲ组，1、2月份为Ⅳ组。结果，发现金黄仓鼠的繁殖力与室温有关。Ⅰ组的室温为22～24℃，金黄仓鼠的受孕率（89.9%）、窝均离乳仔数（6.51只）和月均生产效率（5.86，离乳仔数/交配雌鼠数）均为最高，其余月份中，随室温下降和波动幅度增大，这些指标的统计值也下降。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的室温分别为20～22℃、18～22℃和17～23℃，其生产效率比Ⅰ组分别下降30.4%、65.7%和70.0%。说明在本站饲养条件下，22～24℃为金黄仓鼠繁殖适宜温度。

TD disinfectant has been employed in hospital and used to clean and disinfect vegeta-bles and fruits. It is harmless to both men and animals. The possibility of TD disinfectant to be used in laboratory animal facilities was studied. The results showed that TD could be used for the disinfection of animal cages，air，ceiling and walls of animal rooms at the con-centration of 0.5% （W/V） ； 1% TD was available for the disinfection of the floor and cage racks；The disinfection effect of 0. 5% TD was similar to those of 5% lysol and 0.1% bro-mogeramine. These results suggest that TD disinfectant can be employed for the disinfec-tion of laboratory animal facilities.

Objective To investigate whether an acclimatization period should be introduced into the home cage experiment for the detection of metabolic function in mice, and how to judge and set its length. Methods Data from 31 home cage experiments in 2016-2017 were collected, and each experiment was set up with a 3-day (72 hours) acclimatization period. Data such as water consumption, food intake, heat production, and body weight were recorded. The data were analyzed using 24-hour interval analysis to determine the acclimatization effect. Results Approximately 12% of the 356 mice drank less than 1 mL at the end of 96 hours. There were significant differences in water consumption, food intake, heat production rate, and body weight between 24-48 hours and 48-72 hours, but no significant differences were detected between 48-72 hours and 72-96 hours, except in food intake. Independent verification of the food intake of each experiment showed that there was a significant correlation between food intake adaptability and weight.Conclusion Approximately 12% of the mice were unable to learn or adapt to the new water bottle after the 72-hour acclimatization period, therefore, researchers should consider increasing the sample size of the experiment to eliminate invalid data. If food intake is not the focus of a study, the 48-hour acclimatization is sufficient to obtain reliable results.

Biosafety is an important part of national security, and effective control of biological hazards of laboratory animals is the basis of using laboratory animals. Based on the experience of biosafety management in the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai General Hospital, this paper analyzed the potential biosafety threats faced by laboratory animal barrier facilities in the process of ensuring the smooth conducting of animal experiments from the perspective of a laboratory animal facility manager, and discussed the relevant countermeasures to reduce such risks, in order to provide a reference for the proper control of biosafety problems in animal experiments.

本文阐述自主设计、开发的一种可供生物医学研究和药理代谢实验的多功能动物代谢笼具。该代谢笼可在实验室环境条件下，模拟相对自然生活环境，使受试大鼠和小鼠在一定自由活动空间里，能自由饮水或进食，能随意活动或休眠，即能自然表现其动物行为特点和生物代谢活动规律，在无需麻醉保定或强制捆绑的措施下，开展诸如生物代谢、静脉定量输液、电生理活动监控等动物实验研究。该代谢笼采用360度同轴旋转专利技术，将受试实验动物，液体传输、生理电信号遥测监控仪器同置于一个实验平台，改变了传统代谢实验模式，可以同时完成1～2路液体微量传输和3道生理电信号的采集与发送，还可即时显示动态心电数据。这对改进代谢实验方法 ，提高实验动物福利，为生物医学科研和临床药代动力学实验创造了一个崭新的实验平台。

Control of pathogenic micro-organisms in laboratory animal barrier facilities is not only related to the quality of laboratory animals, the credibility of experimental results, but also the health of personnel and the safety of the environment. However, during the daily operation of laboratory animal barrier facilities, pathogenic micro-organisms may be introduced via the entry and exit of personnel and articles, etc, so daily sanitation and disinfection of the barrier environment is very important. In this paper, 6 kinds of commonly used disinfectants for laboratory animal barrier facilities were selected, and their properties, mechanism of action, toxicity, occupational health and safety, effects and other parameters were summarized, so as to provide reference for selecting reasonable and effective disinfectants for laboratory animal barrier facilities.

采用雷诺应力模型（RSM），通过对两种下回风形式的气流组织的数值模拟，对比了屏障系统回风口布置方式对室内气流组织的影响，结果表明，与四角回风相比，双侧下回风的气流组织较好。并结合模拟结果，提出相关建议。

Laboratory animals represent the important tools which were widely used for medical researches. The biosafety of laboratory animals and animal experiments have provided key base of the development of biomedical science and technology for human society. Currently, the animal biosafety level 2 (ABSL-2) laboratory are widely used in the fields of life sciences and medical researches. This review introduces the key points of management of ABSL-2 laboratory, including the structure designing, the administrational approving, the facility running, the management of human resources, the experimental operation, the emergency handling, and how to setup effective biosafety management system to avoid the leakage of bio-hazardous factors, to improve the animal laboratory biosafety level.

目的 了解一次性自毁式注射器的生物相容性.方法 进行细胞毒性试验、豚鼠迟发型超敏反应试验、兔皮内刺激试验等，并根据相关标准对试验数据进行分析和评估.结果 一次性自毁式注射器的细胞毒性试验、迟发型超敏反应试验、皮内刺激试验均为阴性.结论 一次性自毁式注射器具有良好的生物相容性.

Sentinel animals in barrier environment should not only take into account the species, strain, sex, age, quantity, contact mode, placement position and detection frequency, but also the elimination of interference of animal stress on the monitoring results. Aaccording to the 3R theory of laboratory animals, make full use of sentinel animals as feed nutrition monitoring sentinel animals, put forward to set up the number of sentinel animals, that is the actual detection number of sentinel animals.

目的 探讨动物玩具对小鼠繁育性能的影响.方法 将BALB/c 小鼠配对后分为对照组和实验组， 实验组饲育笼中增设动物玩具，观测其母鼠的怀孕率、产仔率、离乳率及仔代的生长情况.结果 实验组母鼠的怀孕率高于对照组10%；实验组仔鼠体重增长较快.结论 实验表明笼内增设动物玩具可提高动物福利水平，也可提高单位时间内繁殖性能.

Specific pathogen free KM mice were obtained from Cesarean section. Random mating system （rotational mating） was established to produce and maintain the mice in the barrier system. The growth rate and reproductive performance and genetic profiles were measured and detected in the fifth and tenth generation of the random mating groups. The results were compared with those of the chance mating group,and was verified that the random system mating method is an important measure for the maintenance of out bred colonies.

在屏障系统内生产清洁级大、小鼠时，遗传学质量控制与微生物学质量控制同样是动物质量能否达标的关键因素。作者提出由隔离器与空气层流室组成的屏障系统内大、小鼠生产流程上常见的工作难点，并提出了解决方法。

Ultrasonic-B was used for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in Rhesus monkey, 23 cases at 18-30 days of gestation were confirmed in 22 with one suspected,15 cases at 31-60 days of gestation were all confirmed by the diagnosis. In early pregnancy monkeys,a region of even and strong echogram and single gestational sac（GS） may be seen in their uteri. Most of the GS were round or oval in shape and the size increased with the length of the gestational period. With the advance of the gestation,fetus and heartthrob of the embryo may be seen. The size of the uterus in normal monkey during breeding season was less than 28mm in length and 22mm in width, no strong echogram region was found in the uterus.

观察了不同的环境温度、湿度对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）增重和离乳率的影响。结果：环境温度在30℃以上时，SHR生长迟缓，尤其不适应高温高湿环境；环境温度在15～18℃时，若相对湿度为35%～40%，对其生长发育尚无明显不良影响，但当相对湿度达到75%～85%时，则严重影响其生长；证实SHR常规饲养的温、湿度（23～25℃，55%～60%）最为适宜，当温、湿度超出最适宜的范围时，SHR的离乳率均明显降低（P＜0.01）。

The descent of testicles and reproduction of Meriones meridianus jei and Cricetulus migratorius in breeding rooms were observed in four conditions ：under the artificial illumination with a regime of D8 : L16 at temperature 15～20℃ or 10～14℃，and utilizing the sun-shine with a regime of Dll. 5～15 : L12. 5～9 at two temperatures mentioned above. The results showed that both M. meridianus and C. migratorius belong to the rodents of long sunshine type. With the lighting regime D8 : L16,raising temperature could lead the testes to descend,and the copulations were effective by more than 43d and 21d’s stimulating (15～20℃) in M. meridianus jei and C. migratorius respectively. With the lighting regime Dll. 5～15 : L12. 5～9，raising temperature could stimulate the testes to descend in C. migratorius that could also take part in reproduction by more than 60d’s stimulating (1.5～20℃) »but not in M. meridianus jei.

选清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠60只，随机分为正常对照组5只（正常饮用水），试验组55只，饲养于IVC中，用二乙基亚硝胺（DENA）诱发大鼠肝癌。病理学与影像学对比检查证实成功诱发出肝癌模型，并具有与人相像的病变过程及病理学变化特征，同时具有人肝癌相似的影像学表现。

以消毒液喷雾方式，比较不同类型消毒剂（碘伏、过氧乙酸、消毒灵和中性强化戊二醛）和不同消毒频率、不同喷雾量及不同浓度的过氧乙酸，对清洁级实验动物饲育室消毒维持的效果。

目的 探讨实验动物环境设施使用过程中，如何持续有效地维持实验动物合格状态，保证动物实验正常进行。方法 分析检测站监测过程的规范程序，确保监测的数据的准确性和真实性。结果 17个普通环境，3个不合格；15个屏障环境（含IVC系统），2个不合格，不合格率占15%，从中找出不合格原因。结论 开展实验动物环境设施监测，可帮助实验动物生产、使用单位找出存在问题，采取纠正措施，确保动物实验的质量。

Objective To evaluate the biocompatibility which include blood、muscle and genotoxicity of coronary stents in rabbits. Methods Cased on ISO 10993-10，the assessments of biocompatibility were identified by experiment of the blood compatibility, genetic toxicity test and local reactions of muscle embedding test. Results 1. Coronary stents had no effects on the coagulation system of the rabbits 2. The histopathology and clinical anatomical observation of the local muscle were normal and no chromosome aberration . 3.The package remained sterile and no leakage were found. Conclusion 1. In rabbits coronary stents had no effects on the coagulation system，no local irritative reaction and genotoxicity as well. 2.The package remained no leakage and the efficacy of the package in blockage of bacteria appeared to be very effective.

随着实验动物在生物医学各领域中的广泛应用，实验动物饲养管理和使用，尤其是动物福利越来越受人们的关注。各单位应建立一套动物饲养管理和使用计划以确保在饲养和使用实验动物过程中科学地、技术地、人道地对待动物。本文旨在介绍美国实验动物饲养管理和使用计划中的几个重要组成部分，以便于全面而直观的阐述该计划的理念。

自1995年起，上海第二医科大学在完成实验动物饲育设施标准化建设和管理的基础上，根据教学和科研的不同要求，重点对动物实验室进行了设计与建造，建成了普通级兔，清洁级大、小鼠及SPF级小鼠实验室共20个（4种形式），教学和科研用动物手术室5个（2种形式），经环境指标测试和专家验收鉴定均达到设计要求和国家标准。这些设施在两年半的实际使用过程中效果良好，有力地支持了学校及附属单位的教学与科研工作。

由山东省科委主持，山东省实验动物管理委员会于1993年6月至9月，根据国家和山东省的有关法规内容，对10个有关单位的实验动物科技设施进行考察，并对这些单位的实验动物进行了微生物学检测。结果：8个单位的实验动物科技设施合格。在对这些单位的总计176只5种实验动物进行微生物学检测后发现：兔合格者5家；昆明小鼠合格者5家；Wistar系大鼠合格者2家；豚鼠合格者1家；猫合格者1家，它们都达到山东省定普通级暂行标准。

Male Clean SD rats were divided into two groups, and raised in conventional facility (open air,group 1 ,n=54) or in a room utilizing laminar air flow with filtration (clean air, group 2,n=50). To induce immunosuppression the rats were given cortisone acetate (25mg×2/week，sc)for 12 weeks, then the lung impression smears and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sediment smears stained with Giemsa stain and lung sections stained with Gro-cott-Gomori silver stain were prepared to find Pneiunocystis carinii (PC) organism. Bacteria and fungi were also checked. The results showed that the incidence of induced Pnenmocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in group 2 (28%, 14/50) was higher then that in group 1 (0% ,0/54,P＜0.001),and that the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in group 2(62%) was lower than that in group 1 (89% ,P＜0.01). The results suggested that the air quality of breeding room could affect the incidence of PCP induced by immunosuppressive agents in rat.

Appropriate biosafety management is a critical component of the successful operation of laboratory animal facilities. Standardizing the management of laboratory animal facilities, protecting staff, and strengthening the construction of laboratory animal health monitoring system are inevitable needs for the benign development of the laboratory animal industry. The control of microbial pathogens is a core component of laboratory biosafety management, and it is an important index for the evaluation of laboratory operation and management. The potential biosafety risk of animal laboratories is high owing to the experimentations with live animals, or pathogenic microorganisms. The control of microbial pathogens is an effective measure to reduce the risk of occupational exposure and acquired infections in laboratories. This study discusses microbial pathogen control strategies in laboratory animal facilities for promoting laboratory animal facility management and biosafety control.

Object Studing the feasibility of saving mice embryos in vapour nitrogen transport jar in short time. Method we used in vitro fertilization to get the 2-cell embryos of C57BL/6J, B6D2F1, DBA/2, B10A，these embryos were vitrificated in liquid nitrogen，then transferred to vapour nitrogen jar. About 14 days later，these embryos were transferred to liquid nitrogen again for some time. Last, these embryos were post-thawed and transferred to psudopregnant mice. Result The rate of the post-thawmg of the embryos from C57BL/6J，B6D2F1, DBA/2, B10A were 69.70%, 77.27%, 77.59%, 72.64%, and the control groups (embryos vitrificated in liquid nitrogen only) were 97.00%、84.38%、 75.00%、71.43% respectively, there was no difference in the two groups (P＜0.05). When transferred to psudopregnant, there were no difference in C57BL/6J, B6D2F1, DBA/2 in tne rate of birth. But for B10A，the difference was significant(P＜0.01). Conclution The vapour nitrogen transport jar is suitable to cryopreserve and transport mice embryos in short time.

目的 观测传统代谢笼对动物24h代谢测定中尿液收集等结合的误差.方法 在万级净化的屏障环境内，用 2 种不同的代谢笼对 4 个品系转基因小鼠进行测定和比较.结果 进口的大鼠和小鼠代谢笼测定值较为可信，经与国产代谢笼比较在动物尿液收集量上呈极显著差异（P＜0.001）；而动物进食量和饮水量上2种代谢笼差异不显著（P＞0.05）.结论 进口代谢笼可排除人为误差，更具科学性.

The Reconstruction program for the ventilation system in laboratory animal rooms was reported. The indoor inlet and outlet were installed with medium - efficacy filter and rough filter respectively. The fresh air was supplied by the original ventilation system. The indoor fresh air mixed with the circulating air was cooled or heated by the window air condition machines,and then pumped through tubular filter into the animal room. The reconstructed animal rooms reached the requirements of clean semi - barrier system with low cost and energy consuming.

目的 采用动物攻击性行为指标评估实验动物玩具对小鼠福利的影响.方法 60 只 BALB/c雄性小鼠随机分为实验组与对照组，每组 30 只，实验组放置动物玩具，对照组不放置，在 7d 内每天观察记录小鼠受到攻击的伤害程度和攻击数，分析比较第 4、7 天小鼠受到攻击的伤害程度及攻击数，计算第 4、7 天实验组相对对照组的攻击风险系数.结果 第4 、7 天实验组和对照组分别有10%（3/30）、30%（9/30）的小鼠在尾巴、耳朵、身体背部受到不同程度的伤害.第4、7天对照组小鼠受到的攻击风险系数分别是实验组的2.8倍和3.9倍.结论 实验动物玩具对小鼠攻击性行为引起的伤害具有一定的防范效果.

Objective To test the function and evaluate the safety of the self-developed biosafety cage changing workbench.Methods According to the criteria of YY 0569-2011 "Class II Biological Safety Cabinet" and RB/T 199-2015 "Laboratory Equipment Biosafety Performance Evaluation Technical Specifications", we detected the various performance indicators of the cage changing workbench (HT-1303), which was independently developed and produced by Shenzhen Hongteng Biological Technology Co., LTD, and evaluated the safety and validity.Results The appearance integrity and stability of the main body of the biosafety cage changing workbench, the cleanliness of the working area, the velocity of the inflow airflow, the velocity of the descending airflow, the illuminance, the noise level, the airflow direction, the high-efficiency particulate air filter were at good condition, reaching the standards of level II biological safety cabinet. The airtightness of the contaminated goods recovery cabin and the sterilization chamber of utensil surface was good, but the size and quantity of the sterilized cage box need to be further improved.Conclusion The biosafety cage changing workbench developed by our team can be operated properly in whole. It can complete the replacement of individually ventilated cages in this workbench under negative pressure environment. Our workbench also can ensure the safety of operators, environment and experimental subjects.