Effects of 1 470 nm Semiconductor Laser on Vaporization Ablation, Cutting, and Coagulation in Ex Vivo Animal Tissue

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.161

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To observe the effects of a 1 470 nm semiconductor laser on vaporization cutting, coagulation, and thermal injury of ex vivo animal tissues, aiming to explore the feasibility of its application in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Methods The experimental group and control group were treated with HANS-D1 and ML-DD01FI 1 470 nm semiconductor laser therapy equipment, respectively. Fresh ex vivo pig bladder tissue was exposed to lasers with the optical fiber placed at distances of 0.5 cm and 1 cm from the tissue for 5 s. The effects of layers at powers of 60, 90, 120, 150, and 160 W on tissue injury were observed. Ex vivo dog prostate and pig kidney tissues were used for vaporization ablation and cutting to observe the effects of lasers at the same power levels on tissue vaporization and cutting thermal injury. Additionally, in coagulation mode, the effects of 30, 40, and 50 W semiconductor lasers on tissue coagulation were observed after irradiating ex vivo pig kidney tissue for 5, 10, and 15 seconds. Results When the optical fiber was placed 1 cm away from the tissue, the 1 470 nm semiconductor lasers did not cause accidental damage to adjacent normal bladder tissue. However, at a distance of 0.5 cm, the 120 W, 150 W, or 160 W lasers caused slight damage to the bladder tissue. In addition, with the increase in output power, the vaporization ablation efficiency of 60-160 W lasers on dog prostate tissue gradually increased, showing a good linear correlation between vaporization volume and total energy consumption (P<0.001). Histopathological HE staining results indicated that the coagulation layer thickness in the experimental group was 292.20-309.98 μm, and the vaporization layer depth was 1.49-4.52 mm. In the control group, the coagulation layer thickness was 289.91-303.53 μm, and the vaporization layer depth was 1.88-4.43 mm. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Moreover, when performing vaporization cutting on ex vivo pig kidney tissue with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm², the efficiency of vaporization cutting by the 60-160 W 1 470 nm semiconductor lasers increased with the increase in output power (P<0.05). The coagulated layer thickness in the experimental group was 496.04-514.47 μm, while that in the control group was 489.39-518.53 μm. Additionally, in coagulation mode, when ex vivo pig kidney tissue was irradiated for 5, 10, and 15 s with 30, 40, and 50 W semiconductor lasers, the coagulation diameter, groove depth, and coagulation efficiency gradually increased with the increase in laser output power (P<0.05). The coagulation layer thickness in the experimental group and control group was 399.10-449.98 μm and 392.97-447.65 μm, respectively, and the vaporization layer depth was 3.05-7.09 mm and 2.70-7.14 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The 1 470 nm semiconductor laser shows good vaporization ablation, cutting, and coagulation effect on ex vivo tissues, with a good linear correlation between the effect and the output energy.

Key words: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 1 470 nm semiconductor laser, Vaporization cutting, Coagulation, Thermal injury, Ex vivo animal tissues

CLC Number:

R-332

Guo ZHENG,Yongming PAN,Junjie HUANG,et al. Effects of 1 470 nm Semiconductor Laser on Vaporization Ablation, Cutting, and Coagulation in Ex Vivo Animal Tissue[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2024, 44(3): 279-288. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2023.161.

Figures/Tables 5

Figure 1 Pathological observation on tissue injury in ex vivo pig bladder after laser irradiation at different output powers (HE staining, ×100)Note： The experimental group and the control group were treated with HANS-D1 and ML-DD01FI 1 470 nm semiconductor laser therapy equipment, respectively. The output powers for the two groups were 60, 90, 120, 150, 160 W and 60, 90, 120, 150 W, respectively. The optical fiber was irradiated for 5 s at a distance of 0.5 cm away from the bladder tissue. Red arrows indicate the mucosal damage, and green triangle indicates tissue carbonization.

Figure 2 Vaporization efficiency and thermal injury of ex vivo dog prostate tissue after laser irradiation at different output powersNote： A, cross-sectional changes in prostate tissue in each group; B, changes in vaporization amount, vaporization speed, vaporization effect, groove depth, groove width, and vaporization efficiency in each group; C, pathological changes in tissue in each group (HE staining, ×40), with green triangle indicating tissue carbonization; D, changes in the coagulation layer thickness and the vaporization layer depth in each group. Compared with the control group of the same power, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; compared with 60 W, aP<0.05, aaP<0.01; compared with 90 W, bP<0.05, bbP<0.01; compared with 120, cP<0.05, ccP<0.01; compared with 150 W, dP<0.05, ddP<0.01.

Figure 3 Vaporization cutting efficiency and thermal injury of ex vivo kidney tissue after laser irradiation at different output powersNote：A, changes in laser emission time, total energy consumption, vaporization amount, vaporization cutting speed, vaporization cutting effect and vaporization cutting efficiency in each group; B, pathological changes in kidney tissue in each group (HE staining, ×100), with black arrows indicating tissue carbonization; C, changes in the coagulation layer thickness in each group. Compared with the control group of the same power, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; compared with 60 W, aP<0.05, aaP<0.01; compared with 90 W, bP<0.05, bbP<0.01; compared with 120 W; cP<0.05, ccP<0.01; compared with 150 W, dP<0.05, ddP<0.01.

Figure 4 Simple coagulation of ex vivo pig kidney tissue after laser irradiation at different output powersNote： A, changes in coagulated kidney tissues in each group; B, changes in coagulation mark diameter, coagulation layer thickness, and coagulation efficiency in each group. Compared with the control group of the same power and irradiation time, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; compared with 30 W, aP<0.05, aaP<0.01; compared with 40 W, bP<0.05, bbP<0.01; compared with 50 W, cP<0.05, ccP<0.01; at the same power, compared with 5 s irradiation time, eP<0.05, eeP<0.01; compared with 10 s, fP<0.05, ffP<0.01.

Figure 5 Changes in coagulation layer thickness and vaporization layer depth in ex vivo pig kidney tissue after laser irradiation at different output powersNote：A, pathological changes in kidney tissue in each group, with green triangles indicating tissue carbonization. B, changes in the coagulation layer thickness and vaporization layer depth in each group. Compared with the control group at the same power and irradiation time,*P<0.05, **P<0.01; compared with 30 W, aP<0.05, aaP<0.01; compared with 40 W, bP<0.05, bbP<0.01; compared with 50 W, cP<0.05, ccP<0.01; at the same power, compared with 5 s irradiation time, eP<0.05, eeP<0.01; compared with 10 s, fP<0.05, ffP<0.01.

References 16

1	YANG Y, SHENG J D, HU S, et al. Estrogen and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor accelerate the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia by inducing prostatic fibrosis[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2022, 13(6):533. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04979-3 .
2	SHVERO A, CALIO B, HUMPHREYS M R, et al. HoLEP: the new gold standard for surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia[J]. Can J Urol, 2021, 28(S2):6-10.
3	DAS A K, TEPLITSKY S, HUMPHREYS M R. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP): a review and update[J]. Can J Urol, 2019, 26(4 ):13-19.
4	KAHOKEHR A, GILLING P J. Enucleation techniques for benign prostate obstruction: which one and why?[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2014, 24(1):49-55. DOI: 10.1097/MOU. 0000000000000005 .
5	ZHANG J, LI J H, WANG X L, et al. Efficacy and safety of 1470-nm diode laser enucleation of the prostate in individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia continuously administered oral anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs[J]. Urology, 2020, 138:129-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.01.008 .
6	LIU Z F, ZHAO Y W, WANG X L, et al. Critical reviews of 1470-nm laser vaporization on benign prostatic hyperplasia[J]. Lasers Med Sci, 2018, 33(2):323-327. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2377-5 .
7	PATCH S K, RAO N, KELLY H, et al. Specific heat capacity of freshly excised prostate specimens[J]. Physiol Meas, 2011, 32(11): N55-N64. DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/11/N02 .
8	刘萃龙, 周茂军, 赵豫波, 等. 1470nm半导体激光汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生症[J]. 微创泌尿外科杂志, 2014, 3(2):112-114. DOI: 10.19558/j.cnki.10-1020/r.2014.02.014 .
	LIU C L, ZHOU M J, ZHAO Y B, et al. 1 470nm diode laser vaporization prostatectomy for the treatment of benign prostatec hyperplasia[J]. J Minim Invasive Urol, 2014, 3(2):112-114. DOI: 10.19558/j.cnki.10-1020/r.2014.02.014 .
9	SEITZ M, RUSZAT R, BAYER T, et al. Ex vivo and in vivo investigations of the novel 1, 470 nm diode laser for potential treatment of benign prostatic enlargement[J]. Lasers Med Sci, 2009, 24(3):419-424. DOI: 10.1007/s10103-008-0591-x .
10	WENDT-NORDAHL G, HUCKELE S, HONECK P, et al. 980-nm Diode laser: a novel laser technology for vaporization of the prostate[J]. Eur Urol, 2007, 52(6):1723-1728. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.06.029 .
11	NAIR S M, PIMENTEL M A, GILLING P J. A review of laser treatment for symptomatic BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)[J]. Curr Urol Rep, 2016, 17(6):45. DOI: 10.1007/s11934-016-0603-5 .
12	WEZEL F, WENDT-NORDAHL G, HUCK N, et al. New alternatives for laser vaporization of the prostate: experimental evaluation of a 980-, 1, 318- and 1, 470-nm diode laser device[J]. World J Urol, 2010, 28(2):181-186. DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0499-5 .
13	CILIP C M, ROSENBURY S B, GIGLIO N, et al. Infrared laser thermal fusion of blood vessels: preliminary ex vivo tissue studies[J]. J Biomed Opt, 2013, 18(5):58001. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.5.058001 .
14	GIGLIO N C, HUTCHENS T C, PERKINS W C, et al. Rapid sealing and cutting of porcine blood vessels, ex vivo, using a high-power, 1470-nm diode laser[J]. J Biomed Opt, 2014, 19(3):38002. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.19.3.038002 .
15	MARÍN-MANZANO E, MENDIETA-AZCONA C, RIERA-DEL-MORAL L, et al. Effectiveness and safety of 1470-nm diode laser fulguration in the management of diffuse venous malformations[J]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2020, 8(3):423-434. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.09.013 .
16	KEMPENEERS A C, BECHTER-HUGL B, THOMIS S, et al. A prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, using a 1470 nm diode laser in combination with a Tulip-TipTM fiber versus radiofrequency (Closure FAST™ VNUS®), in the treatment of primary varicose veins[J]. Int Angiol, 2022, 41(4):322-331. DOI: 10.23736/S0392-9590.22.04747-2 .

[1]	LI Ying, DU Xiao-yan, CUI Xiao-xia, MA Lan-zhi, SHANG Shi-chen, ZHAO Zhi-Bing, ZHAO Quan, LI Gui-jun, WANG Dong-ping, CHEN Zhen-wen. Comparison of Four Blood Coagulation Factors among Gerbil CMU/1,Gerbil CMU/2 and F344 Rat and BALB/c Mouse [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2018, 38(1): 57-59.
[2]	YANG Li-chang, ZHOU Wen-bing, DING Jun, ZHOU Xin-chu, ZHANG Jian-ping, XIE Dong, YANG Wei-min. Investigation on Biological Characteristics of Blood for Four Breeds of Minipigs [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2016, 36(6): 441-446.
[3]	SHOU Qi-yang, CHEN Mm-li, ZHU Ke-yan, PAN Yong-mmg, PEN Dmg-guo, WANG Hui, LIN Lin, LV Jian-min. Analysis and Determination of Hemorheology and Blood Coagulation Function in WHBE Rabbits [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2009, 29(6): 415-418.
[4]	ZHAO Yi-Ming, JI Shun-Dong, ZHANG Wei, HE Yang, SHEN Wen-Hong, RUAN Chang-Geng. Effect of Coronary Stent Implantation on Coagulation and Platelet Function of Rabbits [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2004, 24(4): 224-227.