Progress in Construction and Analysis of Evolutionary Research Framework for Butterflies

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.099

Abstract

Abstract:

Understanding the origins of animal diversity and their adaptive evolutionary mechanisms is one of the core issues in modern biology. Animal traits such as morphology, coloration, and behavior are shaped synergistically by the species' genetics and development as well as environmental factors, and their interaction mechanisms have long received extensive attention in laboratory animal science. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), due to their wide distribution, diverse wing patterns, short life cycles, and ease of laboratory rearing, have become important model organisms for studying animal evolution. This review introduces the structure and function of butterfly wings, and summarizes important progress in adaptive evolution research in recent years. To further understand the diversity of butterfly wing patterns, the paper also discusses the relevant mechanisms. In recent years, to reveal adaptive evolution patterns of multiple complex traits, research on butterfly mimicry and its genetic mechanisms, seasonal morphs, phenotypic plasticity, as well as environmental perception and interactions is continuously advancing. This review summarizes current main research systems and directions at genetic, developmental, and evolutionary levels of butterflies, including classic systems of adaptive evolution in various butterfly taxa, for example: Doublesex and related genes determine female-specific Batesian mimicry in Papilio. Changes in regulatory elements of the optix gene drive convergent evolution of wing patterns among different species in Heliconius, providing molecular-level direct evidence for revealing evolutionary mechanism of Müllerian mimicry. Taking Kallima as an example, its leaf mimicry is controlled by a genomic region containing the cortex gene. Besides mimicry traits, phenotypic plasticity of dry and rainy season morphs in butterflies is also summarized, among which Junonia coenia and Bicyclus anynana are classic models for studying environmental adaptation and developmental plasticity. In addition, butterflies are important systems for studying complex organism–environment interactions, including visual perception and color recognition mechanisms in Papilio xuthus, coevolution with host plants in Pieris rapae, and mechanisms related to long-distance migration and warning coloration in Danaus plexippus. This review reveals the research trend toward integrating multi-omics data (such as pangenome, single-cell transcriptome, etc.) to analyze gene regulatory networks in butterfly evolution studies. Prospects for butterfly research are also provided from perspectives of technological development and research direction expansion, offering new ideas for animal evolution research. In summary, butterfly research system has developed into a new interdisciplinary paradigm integrating genetics, development, environmental interactions and behavioral simulation. This paradigm not only deepens our understanding of biological adaptive evolution patterns, but also provides an extensible research framework, promoting integration and innovation between evolutionary biology and ecological conservation, engineering applications, and physiological disorders.

Key words: Butterfly, Adaptation, Evolutionary biology, Mimicry, Wing pattern

CLC Number:

Q963

YUE Junjiayu,ZHANG Wei. Progress in Construction and Analysis of Evolutionary Research Framework for Butterflies[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2025.099.

Figures/Tables 2

Figure 1 Phylogeny and wing phenotypes of representative butterfly research taxaNote： A， Orthologous genes from nine species were identified using OrthoFinder， and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 2 711 single-copy genes； B， Dorsal side of a mimetic female Papilio polytes， with the dorsal side of its mimetic model Pachliopta aristolochiae on the right； C， Dorsal side of Heliconius melpomene； D， Dorsal side of Heliconius erato； E， Ventral side of Kallima inachus showing its leaf-like wing pattern； F， Ventral sides of Bicyclus anynana， with the wet seasonal morph on the left and the dry seasonal morph on the right； G， Ventral sides of Junonia coenia， with the wet seasonal morph on the left and the dry seasonal morph on the right； H， Dorsal side of Papilio xuthus； I， Dorsal side of Pieris rapae； J， Dorsal side of Danaus plexippus .

Table 1 Hotspot genes in butterfly wing pattern research

基因/基因座 Gene/gene locus	基因功能 Gene function	蝶类物种 Butterfly species	相关表型 Phenotypes
doublesex	转录因子	玉带凤蝶（Papilio polytes）	贝氏拟态^[10]
		美凤蝶（Papilio memnon）	贝氏拟态^[32,35]
		红斑美凤蝶（Papilio rumanzovia）	贝氏拟态^[35]
		果园美凤蝶（Papilio aegeus）	贝氏拟态^[35]
optix	转录因子	袖蝶属（Heliconius）	米勒拟态^[42,71]
		银纹红袖蝶（Agraulis vanillae）	橙色和红色翅图案^[72]
		鹿眼蛱蝶（Junonia coenia）
		小红蛱蝶（Vanessa cardui）
cortex	细胞周期调控因子	枯叶蛱蝶属（Kallima）	叶形拟态多样性^[12]
		鹿眼蛱蝶（Junonia coenia）	季节性表型可塑性^[52]
		斑凤蝶（Papilio clytia）	贝氏拟态^[73]
		狐眼袖蝶（Heliconius numata）	米勒拟态^[74-75]
Dll	转录因子	偏瞳蔽眼蝶（Bicyclus anynana）	眼斑^[48]

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