Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.139

Abstract

Abstract:

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skeletal muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory involvement. Western medical treatment predominantly relies on immunosuppressants, but long-term administration often leads to notable side effects. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers the advantage of multi-target interventions. However, the pathogenesis of MG has not been fully elucidated, and the establishment of animal models that accurately reflect the clinical characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine is essential for mechanism research and new drug development. This paper systematically reviews the etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and progress of animal model research for MG from both Chinese and Western medicine perspectives. In Western medicine, the pathogenesis of MG is closely related to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and autoantibody-mediated postsynaptic membrane damage. In TCM, MG is classified under the category of "flaccidity syndrome", attributed to congenital deficiencies and acquired malnourishment. Western diagnostic criteria involve a combination of clinical symptoms, fatigue testing, serum antibody assays, and electrophysiological evaluation. In contrast, TCM diagnosis emphasizes the integration of primary and secondary symptoms with tongue and pulse pattern differentiation. Currently available animal models mainly include experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and passive transfer myasthenia gravis (PTMG). The Toredo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) induced EAMG model aligns well with Western diagnostic criteria, but poorly matches secondary symptoms in TCM. The synthetic AChR peptide model is widely used, but shows low conformity with TCM syndromes. Models induced by muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), and transgenic models demonstrate high innovation but exhibit low clinical conformity. Evaluation of these models requires integration of behavioral, electrophysiological, and immunological indicators. However, a systematic framework for modelling TCM syndromes is still lacking. Future research should integrate TCM-based etiological modelling methods with the Western pathological mechanisms to construct disease-syndrome combination models. Additionally, it is crucial to establish a TCM syndrome evaluation system based on "validation by prescription", as well as to improve the scientific rigor and practicality of animal models by the incorporation of emerging technologies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing MG animal model design, advancing the research on the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, and supporting efficacy assessment and mechanism exploration of Chinese herbal prescriptions.

Key words: Myasthenia gravis, Disease-syndrome combination, Diagnostic criteria, Animal model, Conformity

CLC Number:

R-332

CHEN Yuhan,CHEN Jinling,LI Xin,et al. Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(2): 176-186. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.139.

Figures/Tables 3

References 54

1	GILHUS N E, TZARTOS S, EVOLI A, et al. Myasthenia gravis[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019, 5(1):30. DOI:10.1038/s41572-019-0079-y .
2	BUBUIOC A M, KUDEBAYEVA A, TURUSPEKOVA S, et al. The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis[J]. J Med Life, 2021, 14(1):7-16. DOI:10.25122/jml-2020-0145 .
3	VANOLI F, MANTEGAZZA R. Current drug treatment of myasthenia gravis[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2023, 36(5):410-415. DOI:10.1097/WCO.0000000000001196 .
4	盛昭园, 陈建, 应汝炯, 等. 基于海派中医特色的重症肌无力一体化综合诊疗专家共识[J]. 上海中医药杂志, 2024, 58(S1):41-47. DOI: 10.16305/j.1007-1334.2024.08 .
	SHENG Z Y, CHEN J, YING R J, et al. Integrated diagnosis and treatment expert consensus for myasthenia gravis based on characteristics of Shanghai style traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Shanghai J Tradit Chin Med, 2024, 58(S1):41-47. DOI: 10.16305/j.1007-1334.2024.08 .
5	LIU X M, KUANG Y Y, BIAN C R, et al. Exploring the mechanism of action of herbal compounding in the treatment of myasthenia gravis based on network pharmacology[J]. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev, 2024, 40(2):1164-1179. DOI:10.1080/02648725.2023.2193048 .
6	SANDERSON N S R. Complement and myasthenia gravis[J]. Mol Immunol, 2022, 151:11-18. DOI:10.1016/j.molimm. 2022.08.018 .
7	HONG Y, LIANG X, GILHUS N E. AChR antibodies show a complex interaction with human skeletal muscle cells in a transcriptomic study[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1):11230. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-68185-x .
8	SUN S S, SHEN Y H, ZHANG X, et al. The MuSK agonist antibody protects the neuromuscular junction and extends the lifespan in C9orf72-ALS mice[J]. Mol Ther, 2024, 32(7):2176-2189. DOI:10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.016 .
9	左瑞, 吕富荣, 王晓燕. 94例重症肌无力患者中医证型分析[J]. 新中医, 2020, 52(17):48-50. DOI: 10.13457/j.cnki.jncm.2020.17.014 .
	ZUO R, LYU F R, WANG X Y. Analysis on Chinese medicine syndrome types of 94 cases of myasthenia gravis[J]. J New Chin Med, 2020, 52(17):48-50. DOI: 10.13457/j.cnki.jncm.2020.17.014 .
10	刘凡, 李国年, 罗贤毅, 等. 结合"年之所加"治疗重症肌无力经验[J]. 山东中医杂志, 2024, 43(7):760-764, 769. DOI: 10.16295/j.cnki.0257-358x.2024.07.018 .
	LIU F, LI G N, LUO X Y, et al. Experience in treating myasthenia gravis combined with "influence of year's circuit Qi"[J]. Shandong J Tradit Chin Med, 2024, 43(7):760-764, 769. DOI: 10.16295/j.cnki.0257-358x.2024.07.018 .
11	张永德, 刘晓艳. 近十年重症肌无力的中医病因病机研究概况[J]. 长春中医药大学学报, 2019, 35(5):995-997. DOI: 10.13463/j.cnki.cczyy.2019.05.050 .
	ZHANG Y D, LIU X Y. Overview of TCM etiology and pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis in recent ten years[J]. J Changchun Univ Chin Med, 2019, 35(5):995-997. DOI: 10.13463/j.cnki.cczyy.2019.05.050 .
12	王宝祥, 许俊杰, 陆霞, 等. 益气托邪汤联合温针灸治疗重症肌无力临床观察[J]. 新中医, 2018, 50(10):166-169. DOI: 10.13457/j.cnki.jncm.2018.10.048 .
	WANG B X, XU J J, LU X, et al. Clinical observation on Yiqi Tuoxie Tang combined with warming needle moxibustion for myasthenia gravis[J]. J New Chin Med, 2018, 50(10):166-169. DOI: 10.13457/j.cnki.jncm.2018.10.048 .
13	曹璐璐, 王炳权, 陈朝远, 等. 李庆和教授运用化湿解毒法治疗重症肌无力经验探析[J]. 西部中医药, 2021, 34(1):34-36. DOI: 10.12174/j.issn.2096-9600.2021.01.09 .
	CAO L L, WANG B Q, CHEN Z Y, et al. Professor Li Qinghe's experience in treating myasthenia gravis by dampness-resolving and detoxifying method[J]. West J Tradit Chin Med, 2021, 34(1):34-36. DOI: 10.12174/j.issn.2096-9600.2021.01.09 .
14	张会永, 冷锦红, 谢伟峰, 等. 张静生治疗重症肌无力临证经验与用药分析[J]. 中华中医药学刊, 2020, 38(12):27-30. DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2020.12.006 .
	ZHANG H Y, LENG J H, XIE W F, et al. Introduction of ZHANG jingsheng's academic thoughts and prescriptions of myasthenia gravis[J]. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med, 2020, 38(12):27-30. DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2020.12.006 .
15	常婷. 中国重症肌无力诊断和治疗指南(2020版)[J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2021, 28(1):1-12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2021.01.001 .
	CHANG T. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis(2020 version)[J]. Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol, 2021, 28(1):1-12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2021.01.001 .
16	中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经免疫学组. 重症肌无力诊断和治疗中国专家共识[J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2012, 19(6):401-408. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2012.06.001 .
	Chinese Society of Immunology Neuroimmunology Branch, Chinese Medical Association Neurology Branch Neuroimmunology Group. Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis[J].Chin J Neuroimmunol Neurol, 2012, 19(6):401-408. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2012.06.001 .
17	佚名. «中医内科常见病诊疗指南»发布[J]. 中华中医药杂志, 2008, 23(9):848.
	Anon. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine issued[J]. China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm, 2008, 23(9):848.
18	李广文, 庞松, 方雪, 等. 重症肌无力中医辨证分型研究[J]. 内蒙古中医药, 2016, 35(7):86-87. DOI: 10.16040/j.cnki.cn15-1101.2016.07.086 .
	LI G W, PANG S, FANG X, et al. Study on dialectical differentiation of myasthenia gravis in traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Nei Mongol J Tradit Chin Med, 2016, 35(7):86-87. DOI: 10.16040/j.cnki.cn15-1101.2016.07.086 .
19	姚舜禹, 薛雅慧, 杜妙乔, 等. 重症肌无力的动物模型研究进展[J]. 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2024, 51(1):79-85. DOI: 10.16636/j.cnki.jinn.1673-2642.2024.01.014 .
	YAO S Y, XUE Y H, DU M Q, et al. Advances in the research on animal models for myasthenia gravis[J]. J Int Neurol Neurosurg, 2024, 51(1):79-85. DOI: 10.16636/j.cnki.jinn.1673-2642.2024.01.014 .
20	JIAO W, HU F Y, LI J Q, et al. Qiangji Jianli Decoction promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of myasthenia gravis rats via AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 129:110482. DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110482 .
21	BORGES L S, RICHMAN D P. Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11:707. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00707 .
22	CHU Y Y, HE Y H, ZHAI W Z, et al. CpG adjuvant enhances humoral and cellular immunity against OVA in different degrees in BALB/c, C57BL/6J, and C57BL/6N mice[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2024, 138:112593. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112593 .
23	BOGATIKOV E, LINDBLAD I, PUNGA T, et al. miR-1933-3p is upregulated in skeletal muscles of MuSK+ EAMG mice and affects Impa1 and Mrpl27[J]. Neurosci Res, 2020, 151:46-52. DOI:10.1016/j.neures.2019.02.003 .
24	WANG K C, XIE Y Y, CHEN X X, et al. The activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors protects against neuroinflammation in a mouse model through attenuating microglial inflammation[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(19):10432. DOI:10.3390/ijms251910432 .
25	DRESSER L, WLODARSKI R, REZANIA K, et al. Myasthenia gravis: epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations[J]. J Clin Med, 2021, 10(11):2235. DOI:10.3390/jcm10112235 .
26	KUSNER L L, LE PANSE R, LOSEN M, et al. Animal models of myasthenia gravis for preclinical evaluation[M]//Myasthenia gravis and related disorders. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018:61-70. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-73585-6_4 .
27	徐添, 官磊瑶, 刘浪辉, 等. 基于数据挖掘的重症肌无力动物模型应用分析[J]. 江西中医药大学学报, 2023, 35(6):92-97.
	XU T, GUAN L Y, LIU L H, et al. Application analysis of myasthenia gravis animal model based on data mining[J]. J Jiangxi Univ Chin Med, 2023, 35(6):92-97.
28	HUA Y, JIANG P P, DAI C Y, et al. Extracellular vesicle autoantibodies[J]. J Autoimmun, 2024, 149:103322. DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103322 .
29	LAZARIDIS K, BALTATZIDI V, TRAKAS N, et al. Characterization of a reproducible rat EAMG model induced with various human acetylcholine receptor domains[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2017, 303:13-21. DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim. 2016.12.011 .
30	YU Z, ZHANG M Y, JING H Y, et al. Characterization of LRP4/agrin antibodies from a patient with myasthenia gravis[J]. Neurology, 2021, 97(10): e975-e987. DOI:10.1212/WNL. 0000000000012463 .
31	唐毅华, 章正祥, 李净娅, 等. 重症肌无力模型的研究进展[J]. 浙江临床医学, 2018(11):1886-1888.
	TANG Y H, ZHANG Z X, LI J Y, et al. Advances in modelling myasthenia gravis[J]. Zhejiang Clin Med J, 2018(11):1886-1888.
32	KUSNER L L, LOSEN M, VINCENT A, et al. Guidelines for pre-clinical assessment of the acetylcholine receptor: specific passive transfer myasthenia gravis model-Recommendations for methods and experimental designs[J]. Exp Neurol, 2015, 270:3-10. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.025 .
33	CRON M A, PAYET C A, FAYET O M, et al. Decreased expression of miR-29 family associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1):294. DOI:10.1186/s12974-020-01958-3 .
34	GAO X L, WEN Y J, WANG Z, et al. Rapamycin alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats by down-regulating Th17 cell/regulatory T cell ratio[J]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2021, 37(1):24-30.
35	FUCHS S, ARICHA R, REUVENI D, et al. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG): from immunochemical characterization to therapeutic approaches[J]. J Autoimmun, 2014, 54:51-59. DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.003 .
36	THEISSEN L T, SCHROETER C B, HUNTEMANN N, et al. Recombinant acetylcholine receptor immunization induces a robust model of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice[J]. Cells, 2024, 13(6):508. DOI:10.3390/cells13060508 .
37	LI X L, LI H, ZHANG M, et al. Correction to: Exosomes derived from atorvastatin-modified bone marrow dendritic cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by up-regulated levels of IDO/Treg and partly dependent on FasL/Fas pathway[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2019, 16(1):119. DOI:10.1186/s12974-019-1503-7 .
38	MANTEGAZZA R, CORDIGLIERI C, CONSONNI A, et al. Animal models of myasthenia gravis: utility and limitations[J]. Int J Gen Med, 2016, 9:53-64. DOI:10.2147/IJGM.S88552 .
39	ALABBAD S, ALGAEED M, SIKORSKI P, et al. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies for myasthenia gravis[J]. BioDrugs, 2020, 34(5):557-566. DOI:10.1007/s40259-020-00443-w .
40	NORIDOMI K, WATANABE G, HANSEN M N, et al. Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of myasthenia gravis and their therapeutic implications[J]. eLife, 2017, 6: e23043. DOI:10.7554/eLife.23043 .
41	ITO R, TAKAHASHI T, KATANO I, et al. Current advances in humanized mouse models[J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2012, 9(3):208-214. DOI:10.1038/cmi.2012.2 .
42	CHHATTA A, MIKKERS H M M, STAAL F J T. Strategies for Thymus regeneration and generating thymic organoids[J]. J Immunol Regen Med, 2021, 14: 100052. DOI:10.1016/j.regen.2021.100052 .
43	BRISSOT E, LABOPIN M, LABUSSIÈRE H, et al. Post-transplant cyclophosphamide versus anti-thymocyte globulin after reduced intensity peripheral blood allogeneic cell transplantation in recipients of matched sibling or 10/10 HLA matched unrelated donors: final analysis of a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase 2 trial[J]. Blood Cancer J, 2024, 14(1):31. DOI:10.1038/s41408-024-00990-3 .
44	PUNGA A R, LIN S, OLIVERI F, et al. Muscle-selective synaptic disassembly and reorganization in MuSK antibody positive MG mice[J]. Exp Neurol, 2011, 230(2):207-217. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.018 .
45	COLE R N, GHAZANFARI N, NGO S T, et al. Patient autoantibodies deplete postsynaptic muscle-specific kinase leading to disassembly of the ACh receptor scaffold and myasthenia gravis in mice[J]. J Physiol, 2010, 588(Pt17):3217-3229. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190298 .
46	KLOOSTER R, PLOMP J J, HUIJBERS M G, et al. Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis IgG4 autoantibodies cause severe neuromuscular junction dysfunction in mice[J]. Brain, 2012, 135(Pt 4):1081-1101. DOI:10.1093/brain/aws025 .
47	RICHMAN D P, NISHI K, FERNS M J, et al. Animal models of antimuscle-specific kinase myasthenia[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2012, 1274:140-147. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06782.x .
48	HOMMA M, UZAWA A, TANAKA H, et al. A novel fusion protein, Ach Receptor-fc, ameliorates myasthenia gravis by neutralizing antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies and suppressing acetylcholine receptor-reactive B cells[J]. Neurotherapeutics, 2017, 14(1):191-198. DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0476-9 .
49	NIU L X, GUO C Y, HAO Z B, et al. Potential roles of recombinant acetylcholine receptor α subunit 1-211 in immunoadsorbent and DNA immunization[J]. J Immunol Methods, 2011, 372(1-2):14-21. DOI:10.1016/j.jim.2011.04.015 .
50	BISPO E C I, ARGAÑARAZ E R, NEVES F A R, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of IFN-γ licensed adipose-mesenchymal stromal cells in an in vitro model of inflammation generated by SARS-CoV-2 antigens[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):24235. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-75776-5 .
51	STASSEN M H W, MENG F P, MELGERT E, et al. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice expressing human immunoglobulin loci[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2003, 135(1-2):56-61. DOI:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00436-8 .
52	ULUSOY C, ÇAVUŞ F, YıLMAZ V, et al. Immunization with recombinantly expressed LRP4 induces experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in C57BL/6 mice[J]. Immunol Invest, 2017, 46(5):490-499. DOI:10.1080/08820139. 2017. 1299754 .
53	LOSEN M, MARTINEZ-MARTINEZ P, MOLENAAR P C, et al. Standardization of the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model by immunization of rats with Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptors: Recommendations for methods and experimental designs[J]. Exp Neurol, 2015, 270:18-28. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol. 2015. 03.010 .
54	杨俊超, 文颖娟. 重症肌无力实验动物模型的研究进展[J]. 医学综述, 2015, 21(19):3466-3469. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.19.004 .
	YANG J C, WEN Y J. Research progress of myasthenia gravis experimental animal models[J]. Med Recapitul, 2015, 21(19):3466-3469. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.19.004 .

序号 Number	指标分类 Classification of indicators	临床表现 Clinical manifestation
①	典型临床特征（20%）	局部或全身肌群出现波动性疲劳无力，且在休息后稍有减轻
②	临床试验（20%）	让受累肌群进行持续活动后，肌肉无力症状加重即为疲劳试验阳性；冰敷受累肌群，肌无力症状明显减轻与改善即为冰敷试验阳性
③	药理学检查（15%）	肌内注射胆碱酯酶抑制剂甲基硫酸新斯的明后，以改善最显著时的单项绝对分数计算相对评分，各单项相对评分有一项为阳性者，即为新斯的明试验阳性
④	电生理检查（15%）	采用低频重复电刺激神经干，波幅衰减10%以上为阳性；单纤维肌电图测定“颤抖”研究神经-肌肉传递功能，“颤抖”增宽或阻滞为阳性
⑤	血清学抗体检测（15%）	可以检测到AChR抗体阳性或者Titin抗体阳性，极少部分可以检测到MuSK抗体阳性或者LRP4抗体阳性
⑥	胸腺影像学检查（15%）	胸腺CT提示胸腺增生或胸腺瘤

序号 Number	指标分类 Classification of indicators	临床表现 Clinical manifestation
①	典型临床特征（20%）	局部或全身肌群出现波动性疲劳无力，且在休息后稍有减轻
②	临床试验（20%）	让受累肌群进行持续活动后，肌肉无力症状加重即为疲劳试验阳性；冰敷受累肌群，肌无力症状明显减轻与改善即为冰敷试验阳性
③	药理学检查（15%）	肌内注射胆碱酯酶抑制剂甲基硫酸新斯的明后，以改善最显著时的单项绝对分数计算相对评分，各单项相对评分有一项为阳性者，即为新斯的明试验阳性
④	电生理检查（15%）	采用低频重复电刺激神经干，波幅衰减10%以上为阳性；单纤维肌电图测定“颤抖”研究神经-肌肉传递功能，“颤抖”增宽或阻滞为阳性
⑤	血清学抗体检测（15%）	可以检测到AChR抗体阳性或者Titin抗体阳性，极少部分可以检测到MuSK抗体阳性或者LRP4抗体阳性
⑥	胸腺影像学检查（15%）	胸腺CT提示胸腺增生或胸腺瘤

[1]	HE Miao, ZHANG Xuxing, WU Gang, ZHOU Yi, RAO Hao, HU Xiangyu. Analysis of Animal Models of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Based on Clinical Characteristics of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(4): 541-552.
[2]	PAN Linqin, DENG Xiangliang, LUO Yunxia. Advances in Integrative Translational Research on Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke in Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 344-356.
[3]	BU Yu, HOU Jinting, LI Yuanyuan, SHA Jingtao, XIE Chenlu, WANG Wengang, SUN Xingwei. A Review and Evaluation of Integrated Disease and Syndrome Animal Models for Hemorrhoids in Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(3): 357-366.
[4]	Committee of Experts on Medical Animal Experiments, Chinese Research Hospital Association , Committee of Regenerative Medicine Branch, Chinese Medicinal Biotech Association , HAN Fabin, CHEN Lin, CHEN Zhiguo, LU Ming, LI Yingjun. Guidelines for Selecting Preclinical Animal Models for Drugs and Stem Cell Therapies for Parkinson Disease (2026 Edition) [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(2): 153-177.
[5]	LI Hui. Advances in Animal Models for Biolinguistic Research [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(2): 297-305.
[6]	YANG Lin, JIN Meng, WU Hanqing, LI Shun, ZHOU Xiaohui. Establishment and Preliminary Analysis of an AG6 Mouse Encephalopathy Model Induced by Vaccinia Virus Tiantan Strain Infection [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 3-10.
[7]	LIAO Wangyue, LEI Shuang, LI Xuan, GUO Min, ZHOU Ruoran. Literature Analysis and Validity Assessment for Animal Models of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 66-80.
[8]	CHEN Ziyi, SUN Hongyan, KANG Pinfang, WU Wenjuan. Research Advances in Construction Methods and Novel Technologies for Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 81-93.
[9]	YANG Yunrong, WU Wenyu, TAN Yue, YAN Guofeng, LI Yao, LU Jin. A Review of Methods for Establishing and Evaluating Animal Models of Stroke [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2026, 46(1): 94-106.
[10]	LIU Song, MO Qianru, WANG Jin, CUI Ying, TIAN Ling. Main Biological Characteristics of Hermetia illucens L. and Its Potential Applications as a Model Organism [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(6): 803-809.
[11]	LEI Linbei, WAN Xiaojuan, XIE Jing, LIU Yuxin, ZOU Jiexin, XIE Xianbing. Applications, Advantages, and Challenges of Germ-Free Bees in Biomedical Research [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(6): 784-793.
[12]	WANG Xiaoming, MENG Chenchen, FAN Lu, LI Yanyang, ZHANG Junping, LÜ Shichao. An Overview of Strategies for Constructing Animal Models of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 596-610.
[13]	GAO Chaoqi, ZHU Zhibo, SUN Xiandong. Application Progress and Classification Analysis of Rat Vascular Remodeling Models [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 542-550.
[14]	LIU Ziqi, LI Yunying, LI Qin, LI Yuanhan, HE Fangyan, WEN Weibo. Research Progress on Animal Models of Gastric Ulcer of Spleen-Stomach Deficiency Cold Type [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 574-585.
[15]	LIU Yang, CHENG Laiyang, GUO Zhongkun. Progress on Animal Models of Perimenopausal Syndrome Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Disease-Syndrome Combination [J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(5): 586-595.