Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine

doi:10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.139

Abstract

Abstract:

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized primarily by skeletal muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory involvement. Western medical treatment predominantly relies on immunosuppressants, but long-term administration often leads to notable side effects. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers the advantage of multi-target interventions. However, the pathogenesis of MG has not been fully elucidated, and the establishment of animal models that accurately reflect the clinical characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine is essential for mechanism research and new drug development. This paper systematically reviews the etiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and progress of animal model research for MG from both Chinese and Western medicine perspectives. In Western medicine, the pathogenesis of MG is closely related to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and autoantibody-mediated postsynaptic membrane damage. In TCM, MG is classified under the category of "flaccidity syndrome", attributed to congenital deficiencies and acquired malnourishment. Western diagnostic criteria involve a combination of clinical symptoms, fatigue testing, serum antibody assays, and electrophysiological evaluation. In contrast, TCM diagnosis emphasizes the integration of primary and secondary symptoms with tongue and pulse pattern differentiation. Currently available animal models mainly include experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and passive transfer myasthenia gravis (PTMG). The Toredo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) induced EAMG model aligns well with Western diagnostic criteria, but poorly matches secondary symptoms in TCM. The synthetic AChR peptide model is widely used, but shows low conformity with TCM syndromes. Models induced by muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), and transgenic models demonstrate high innovation but exhibit low clinical conformity. Evaluation of these models requires integration of behavioral, electrophysiological, and immunological indicators. However, a systematic framework for modelling TCM syndromes is still lacking. Future research should integrate TCM-based etiological modelling methods with the Western pathological mechanisms to construct disease-syndrome combination models. Additionally, it is crucial to establish a TCM syndrome evaluation system based on "validation by prescription", as well as to improve the scientific rigor and practicality of animal models by the incorporation of emerging technologies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing MG animal model design, advancing the research on the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, and supporting efficacy assessment and mechanism exploration of Chinese herbal prescriptions.

Key words: Myasthenia gravis, Disease-syndrome combination, Diagnostic criteria, Animal model, Conformity

CLC Number:

R-332

CHEN Yuhan,CHEN Jinling,LI Xin,et al. Analysis of Animal Models of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Clinical Characteristics in Chinese and Western Medicine[J]. Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, 2025, 45(2): 176-186. DOI: 10.12300/j.issn.1674-5817.2024.139.

Figures/Tables 3

References 54

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序号 Number	指标分类 Classification of indicators	临床表现 Clinical manifestation
①	典型临床特征（20%）	局部或全身肌群出现波动性疲劳无力，且在休息后稍有减轻
②	临床试验（20%）	让受累肌群进行持续活动后，肌肉无力症状加重即为疲劳试验阳性；冰敷受累肌群，肌无力症状明显减轻与改善即为冰敷试验阳性
③	药理学检查（15%）	肌内注射胆碱酯酶抑制剂甲基硫酸新斯的明后，以改善最显著时的单项绝对分数计算相对评分，各单项相对评分有一项为阳性者，即为新斯的明试验阳性
④	电生理检查（15%）	采用低频重复电刺激神经干，波幅衰减10%以上为阳性；单纤维肌电图测定“颤抖”研究神经-肌肉传递功能，“颤抖”增宽或阻滞为阳性
⑤	血清学抗体检测（15%）	可以检测到AChR抗体阳性或者Titin抗体阳性，极少部分可以检测到MuSK抗体阳性或者LRP4抗体阳性
⑥	胸腺影像学检查（15%）	胸腺CT提示胸腺增生或胸腺瘤

序号 Number	指标分类 Classification of indicators	临床表现 Clinical manifestation
①	典型临床特征（20%）	局部或全身肌群出现波动性疲劳无力，且在休息后稍有减轻
②	临床试验（20%）	让受累肌群进行持续活动后，肌肉无力症状加重即为疲劳试验阳性；冰敷受累肌群，肌无力症状明显减轻与改善即为冰敷试验阳性
③	药理学检查（15%）	肌内注射胆碱酯酶抑制剂甲基硫酸新斯的明后，以改善最显著时的单项绝对分数计算相对评分，各单项相对评分有一项为阳性者，即为新斯的明试验阳性
④	电生理检查（15%）	采用低频重复电刺激神经干，波幅衰减10%以上为阳性；单纤维肌电图测定“颤抖”研究神经-肌肉传递功能，“颤抖”增宽或阻滞为阳性
⑤	血清学抗体检测（15%）	可以检测到AChR抗体阳性或者Titin抗体阳性，极少部分可以检测到MuSK抗体阳性或者LRP4抗体阳性
⑥	胸腺影像学检查（15%）	胸腺CT提示胸腺增生或胸腺瘤

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